The Concept of Postmodernism - 5138 Words

CHAPTER 1 The concept of ‘Postmodernism’- A Theoretical Approach It is a clichà © by now to say that we live in a postmodern world, and it is true that the word ’postmodern’ has become one of the most used, and abused, words in the language. Still, it is striking that not many people can say with assurance what this term actually means and involves. Some theorists suggest that ‘postmodernism’ refers to a mood or an attitude of mind, others define it as a literary, cultural, or philosophic phenomenon. Either way, critics haven’t agreed on a common definition for the concept. â€Å"Brian McHale points out that every critic â€Å"constructs† postmodernism in his or her own way from different perspectives, none more right or wrong†¦show more content†¦He famously claimed that when one of he most representative examples of the style, the award- winning Pruitt- Igoe housing complex in St Louis, Missouri, was demolished in 1972, modern architecture died. The trend towards eclecticism in architecture, wi th old and new styles freely being mixed, was given its greatest boost by Jencks. He also considers that the confusions between the late modernism and the post-modernism could be explained by the fact that both artistic movements were born in the post-industrial society. On the other hand, he claimed that the concept of postmodernism itself suffered some changes during the decades and became clear in its meaning only in the ‘80s.. But not all theorists see such a contrast between modernism and postmodernism. In Postmodernist Fiction, Brian McHale affirms: â€Å" Postmodernism follows from modernism in some sense, more than it follows after modernism†.[v] Dan Grigorescu, a Romanian theorist, shares the same opinion concerning the dispute between modernism and postmodernism: â€Å"Prin â€Å"noua paradigmÄÆ'† nu se urmÄÆ'reÅŸte acreditarea ideii cÄÆ' ar exista o rupturÄÆ' totalÄÆ' à ®ntre modernism ÅŸi postmodernism, ci mai degrabÄÆ' a aceleia potrivit cÄÆ'reia modernismul, avangarda ÅŸi cultura popularÄÆ' au intrat à ®ntr-un nou sistem de relaÃ… £ii reciproce ÅŸi de configuraÃ… £ii ale discursului ce a primit numele de postmodernism, considerat de autorul rà ¢ndurilor de faÃ… £Ã„Æ' ca fiind cu totul diferit de paradigma â€Å"modernismului elevat†Show MoreRelatedThe Concept of Postmodernism5129 Words   |  21 PagesCHAPTER 1 The concept of ‘Postmodernism’- A Theoretical Approach It is a clichà © by now to say that we live in a postmodern world, and it is true that the word ’postmodern’ has become one of the most used, and abused, words in the language. Still, it is striking that not many people can say with assurance what this term actually means and involves. Some theorists suggest that ‘postmodernism’ refers to a mood or an attitude of mind, others define it as a literary, cultural, orRead MoreKurt Vonnegut : The Concept Of Postmodernism1598 Words   |  7 Pagesincredulity toward metanarratives.† Through his statement, he endeavored to associate a theory to the shifting concept of postmodernism; to synopsize different events, experiences, and phenomena in history through a universal appeal to truth. While his supposition, through equation with the poems of Kurt Vonnegut, Charles Olsen, or John Cage - does indeed seem to hold validity; to define postmodernism remains difficult. To define this era would be to violate the p remise of the postmodernist that no absoluteRead MoreEssay on Why Postmodernism Failed to End History1542 Words   |  7 Pages‘Why did postmodernism threaten to end History, and why did fail?’ This question poses two clear questions, why postmodernism threatened the end of history, and why it failed to do so. While few would counter the assumption that it did fail, it can be argued that it massively changed history, and through answering the questions posed, this can also be addressed. In 1986 A. Huyssen claimed that postmodernism possessed ‘the unshaken confidence of being at the edge ofRead MoreDesigning A New Method Of Visual Communication1461 Words   |  6 PagesPostmodernism in design is often distinguished by its difference in ideas and concepts to modernism. Graphic design was lead by modernism throughout the 20th century, however postmodernism was not recognized until the 1980s. Once it became known – as complicated as it was – designers saw it as an opportunity to break away from the modern movement to create a new method of visual communication with their work. Although the ‘rules’ of design were broken in postmodern practice (Poyner 2013 p.13), itRead MorePostmodern Concepts Influence on Museology934 Words   |  4 PagesPostmodern concepts have influenced curation and exhibitions, under the effect of museum classifications which determine the audiences’ perspectives on exhibitions. Postmodernism is highly influ ential and appealing because it is avant-garde (challenging past traditions). People appreciate new concepts, especially those that challenge the concept of art. The process of curation not only considers the organisation of the exhibition but is highly influenced by conceptual frameworks, postmodernism being partRead MoreRelationship between Postmodernism and Post colonialism1048 Words   |  5 PagesPostmodernism has been described as a new version of Western cultural imperialism. Discuss the relationship between postmodernism and postcolonialism. Postmodern theory been applauded as liberating, even democratising, in its rejection of absolutism and in its refusal to accept the dictates of hierarchy and certainty. It calls for the abandonment of the modernist qualities of objective truth, centralized knowledge, totalising explanations and determinacy . Rather, postmodern theory advocatesRead MorePostmodernism : Modernism And Postmodernism1549 Words   |  7 PagesModernism and Postmodernism To begin with, to determine the meaning of postmodernism is possible only through the relationship with modernism. Modernism in modern science is understood as a kind of cultural consciousness, which is implemented in the artistic practice of symbolism, expressionism and acmeism. In the socio-historical context, it means the period of modernism in the development of culture from the late nineteenth to mid-twentieth century, that is, from Impressionism to a new novel andRead MoreEssay on Midnight in Paris1672 Words   |  7 Pagesfilm engaging and witty, but it also manages to provide both, overt and covert examples of postmodernism in film. By analyzing Woody Allen’s 2011film Midnight in Paris, we can identify the presence of many underlying motifs in both the narrative and the characterization of the film when using some of Frederic Jameson and Jean Baudrillard’s concepts on postmodernism. One of the main concepts that postmodernism relies on is bricolage, which is reflected in Midnight in Paris through the usage and mixturesRead MoreAssessment of the Contribution of Postmodernism to Our Understanding of Society1025 Words   |  5 PagesAssessment of the Contribution of Postmodernism to Our Understanding of Society The idea of the modern began as a way of describing the ideas and behaviour that emerged during, and contributed to, the decline of medieval society in Europe. There were three main elements in modernity: 1. Economic: This involved the growth of the capitalist market economy, the production of goods for profit and the emergence of wage labour. 2. Political: The emergence of theRead MorePostmodernism : Modernism And Postmodernism1472 Words   |  6 PagesModernism and Postmodernism are both two important eras in design. Postmodernism takes a lot of concepts from the modernism era. Both modernism and post modernism focus on Style, Social analysis, Cultural Context, Philosophy, Politics, Human experience, Machine aesthetics, and the constant transformation of the â€Å"New†. An interesting fact of the Modernism and Postmodernism is the use of the psychology and philosophy themes 1. Subjectivity 2.History 3. Culture and 4. Theoretically divers aesthetics

Inside The Mind Of Emily Grierson - 1437 Words

Inside The Mind of Emily Grierson Mental illness is not an uncommon thing to come across when faced with traumatic or psychologically damaging events. It is a combination of both of these in the case of Emily Grierson within William Faulkner’s short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily†. A strong reliance on her father due to his strict rule prohibiting her from seeing other men combined with his passing and initially denial of his death results in Miss Emily being both mentally unstable and completely disconnected from the world around her. The consequences for the stunted emotional growth of Miss Emily was that she could not let go of the dead which results in her keeping bodies of the dead from being taken away from her on two separate occasions, one of which was the product of her murdering her lover Homer Barron to make sure that he could never leave her. Some critics believe that all of these events ultimately stem from the initial control that her father had over her, and how he sheltered her from the world with a strong rule. Being isolated from the world can cause people to be crippled in a way when it comes to developing normally on a mental level. There is a certain need for human interaction when it comes to learning how to properly function in society. In her criticism regarding the unraveling of Miss Emily entitled â€Å"A road to destruction and self-destruction: the same fate of Emily And Elly†, Pingping Yang discusses the emotional dependency that Emily had to her father.Show MoreRelatedCharacter Analysis of Emily Grierson in A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner757 Words   |  3 PagesRose for Emily.† In his short story, Faulkner summarizes the life of a forsaken woman, whom, while heavily respected by her town, is also quite pitied. Faulkner works to give the reader a sense of empathy towards his character while he describes the tragedy that is her life. Emily Grierson, is eventually found to not be the only victim of the story, though, as her faults are exposed. In spite of her d isturbing tendencies, William Faulkner still manages to depict his character, Emily Grierson, as a lonelyRead MoreInternal Isolation In Frankenstein1144 Words   |  5 Pagesin â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, â€Å"Spring and Fall†, and Frankenstein. All of these works of literature have characters that have experienced some level of isolation. The monster that Frankenstein created was put into isolation with the knowledge of a new born child. In the poem â€Å"Spring and Fall† Margaret experiences the same emotional isolation just as every child does. Miss Emily Grierson subjected herself to isolation and stayed alone in her home for the final years of her life. Like Emily, Frankenstein ingrainedRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1729 Words   |  7 Pages2015 â€Å"A Rose for Emily† In every neighborhood there is always that one house that is a mystery to everyone. A house that everyone wants to know about, but nobody can seem to be able to dig up any answers. It’s the type of place that you would take any opportunity or excuse to get to explore. The littler that is known, the more the curiosity increases about this mysterious place or person. In the short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner, this mysterious person is Emily Grierson, and the curiosityRead MoreA Rose for Emily Discuss Characterization in a Short Story Given.1318 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment 1 Discuss characterization in a short story given. A Rose for Emily By William Faulkner Characterization refers to the techniques a writer uses to develop characters in the story. 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If these characters are judged by reputation and outward appearance only, the conclusion would be that Emily Grierson and AbnerRead MoreA Rose For Emily And Barn Burning By William Faulkner1049 Words   |  5 Pages In A Rose for Emily and Barn Burning, William Faulkner creates two characters worthy of comparison. Emily Grierson, a recluse from Jefferson, Mississippi, is an important figure in the town, despite spending most of her life in seclusion. On the contrary, Abner Snopes is a loud, fiery-tempered man that most people tend to avoid. If these characters are judged by reputation and outward appearance only, the conclusion would be that Emily Grierson and Abner Snopes are complete opposites. HoweverRead MoreSummary Of A Rose For Emily By Emily Grierson834 Words   |  4 Pages(Coon et al.). Throughout William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, Emily Grierson experiences these disturbances often enough to suspect that she is suffering from this illness. The story begins at the end of her life, as the townspeople are about to investigate her home to find answers concerning the incidents that plagued their town for many years took place. In her living years, many troubling even ts often surrounded her existence. Emily Grierson’s unstable mental state has been caused by many factorsRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Emily Griersons Death In Faulkner1542 Words   |  7 Pages This is a gothic tale following a tragic figure spanning nearly three decades. .Emily Grierson a penniless spinster not of her own choosing enumerating her life journey into isolation and psychosis. The last of the aristocratic Grierson family who called the town of Jefferson home nestled in Yoknapatawpha County Mississippi. She is unable to move forward with a changing time as she clings to her family’s former privileged social status, as a result she cannot let go of the past. The townsfolk collectivelyRead MoreThe Demise Of Homer Barron1349 Words   |  6 PagesDemise of Homer Barron In William Faulkner’s short story, â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† Ms. Emily Grierson, the title character in the story, is a very peculiar character. Introverted from society, trapped in a world of misconceptions, Emily never receives any psychiatric treatment, but she definitely exhibits symptoms of a mental illness. By examining Emily’s behavior and her social relationships, it is possible to conclude that Emily was mentally unstable and possessed a personal motivation to kill HomerRead MoreEssay about Family Influences728 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Family Influences† There were three stories in particular that portrayed views of family. In each story a person that is influenced by their family. In Faulkner’s story â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, Emily Grierson is influenced by her father’s control over her love life. In â€Å"The Glass Menagerie† by Tennessee Williams, Tom is influenced by both his parents, his father gives him an example to follow when it comes to abandoning his family, and his mother isn’t there for him when he needs her most. In William

Introduction Persuasive Essay Example For Students

Introduction Persuasive Essay TQMThe purpose of this report is to critically analyse, evaluate and discuss related management issues conducive to the development of a total quality management environment within an organisation. This shall be done by critically analysing the case study of Agrotran Ltd. This report will discuss the role and application of quality management systems in organisations, debate and recommend a suitable way forward for Agrotran Ltd. The issues concerning Agrotran LtdAgrotran is a small engineering company specialising in the manufacture of farming equipment. The four owners have recently sold out to the Nat-truk Group a manufacturer of specialist trucks and transports. The original owners set up Agrotran when they were made redundant from a large engineering company. They have a good working relationship, working well as a team and intimate knowledge of their business. They also have a laid back style of management. There are a number of issues that have arisen since the take-over. Nat-truk are seeking to be included on the Ministry of Defences approved supplier list. This means that they and Agrotran need to achieve ISO 9000 certification although this was argued against by one of the former owners during the take-over negotiations. This has been seen as an imposition of extra cost and bureaucracy on Agrotran by Nat-truk. Nat-truk has also introduced its own employees to Agrotran. This has resulted in fights breaking out between Agrotran and Nat-truk workers. The bases of these arguments are over communication problems involving processes, standards and specifications. This has resulted in some of Agrotrans best customers complaining about quality. One of the original owners Tom Smith has laid the blame on the extra procedures and paperwork choking up the system causing delays and loss of control. The role and purpose of quality management systemsThe role and purpose of quality management systems is to reduce the dependence on 3rd party audits and to provide a documented management system, which will provide clearer working procedures, improve quality control and efficiency. The Key features of a quality management system are the documented policy manuals and procedures on which the company could be audited. These policies and procedures should allow flexibility and adapt to change but always regain control. The objective of the quality management system ISO9000 is to give purchasers an assurance that the quality of the products and/or services provided by a supplier meets their requirements (Dale 1999). With this the company would seek to widen its customer base, as the customer is given an assurance of quality and the need for them to carry out their own audit is not required unless their own standards are higher than the requirements of ISO9000. A number of major purchasers use this registration as the first-pass over a suppliers quality system (Dale 1999). ISO9000 can also be used as the foundation for the introduction of TQM. The application of quality management systemsThe application of the ISO9000 series of standards can be used in three ways (Dale 1999). 1. To provide guidance to organisations, to assist them in developing their quality systems2. As a purchasing standard (when specified in contracts)3. As an assessment standard to be used by both second party and third party organisations. The ISO9000 series consists of ISO9000, ISO9001, ISO9002, ISO9003, and ISO9004ISO9000 Guidelines for Selection and Use and ISO9004 Guidelines for Specific Applications are only used as guidelines and to explain the application of ISO9001, ISO9002 and ISO9003. ISO9001 Model for Quality Assurance in Design, Development, Production, Installation and ServicingCovers 20 principal clauses which are of a management or operational natureManagement/macro requirementsOperational requirements1. Management responsibility2. Quality system3. Contract review5. Document and data control17. Internal quality audits18. Training4. Design control6. Purchasing7. Control of customer-supplied product8. Product identification and traceability9. Process control10. Inspection and testing11. Control of inspection, measuring and test equipment12. Inspection and test status13. Control of non-conforming product14. Corrective and preventive action15. Handling, storage, packaging, preservation and delivery16. Control of quality records19. Servicing20. Statistical techniquesThe Institute of ManagementISO9002 includes all of ISO9001 except design controlISO9003 includes all of ISO9001 except design control, purchasing, process control and servicingDevelopment of a Total Qu ality Management within an organisationIf an organisation is to develop Total Quality Management then it must first understand what it is and how it has been developed. Which is easier said than done, as there are many different definitions of quality and how to achieve it. The main approaches in quality originate from Crosby, Deming, Feigenbaum, and Juran. CrosbyCrosby (1979) defines quality as conformance to requirements, and his approach consists of :#61623; Quality means conformance, not elegance. #61623; It is always cheaper to do the job right the first time. #61623; The only performance indicator is the cost of quality#61623; The only performance standard is zero defects#61623; No such thing as a quality problemThis achieved through Crosbys 14-step quality improvement programme. Responsibility is allocated as follows#61623; The Quality professional a moderate amount#61623; The hourly workforce a limited role, reporting problems to management#61623; Top management an important roleDemingDeming defines quality in terms of quality of design, quality of conformance, and quality of the sales and service function. Demings approach is base on PDCA (Plan, Do, Check, Action) and his philosophy for improving quality is summarised in his 14 points for management. He also points out the seven deadly diseases of western management and organisational practice. Deming (Dale 1999) states that quality and improvement is the responsibility of all the firms employees: top management must adopt the new religion of quality, lead the drive for improvement and be involved in all stages of the process. FeigenbaumFeigenbaum was the first to use the term total quality control. Feigenbaum (1991) has defined it thus Total Quality Control is an effective system for integrating the quality-development, quality maintenance, and quality-improvement efforts of the various groups in an organisation so as to enable marketing, engineering, production, and service at the most economical levels which allow for full customer satisfaction. Feigenbaums approach is to help companies design their own system more than creating managerial awareness of quality. His contribution to the subject of the cost of quality is that quality costs must be categorised if they are to be managed. The three major categories being, appraisal costs, prevention costs, and failure costs which make up the Total Quality Costs. Feigenbaum rests most responsibility with management saying that management must commit themselves:#61623; To strengthen the quality improvement process itself#61623; To making sure that quality improvement becomes a habit#61623; To managing and cost as complementary objectivesInstead of providing a step by step plan Feigenbaum provides ten benchmarks for total quality success. JuranJuran (1988) defines quality as fitness for use, which he breaks into quality of design, quality of conformance, availability, and field service. Jurans approach is to improve quality by increased conformance and decreased costs of quality by the setting of yearly goals. Juran has also developed a quality trilogy (quality planning, quality control and quality improvement) and a ten-point plan to summarise his approach. Juran gives the main responsibility to the quality professionalsThere are many others, who have added to the development of TQM such as Ishikawa,Taguchi, Shingo, Peters, Dale, and Oakland etc. Defining TQMTotal Quality Management is defined in the American Society for Quality Controls Bibliography as TQM is a Management approach to long-term success through customer satisfactionbased on the participation of all members of an organisation in improving processes, products, services and the culture they work in (Bemowski 1992 Cited by Hiam 1994)Actions taken throughout the organisation to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of activities and processes in order to provide added benefits to both the organisation and its customers (ISO8402)TQM is a style of managing which gives everyone in the organisation responsibility for delivering quality to the final customer, quality being described as fitness for purpose or delighting the customer. TQM views each task in the organisation as fundamentally a process which is in a customer supplier relationship with the next process. The aim at each stage is to define and meet the customers requirements in order to maximise the satisf action of the final consumer at the lowest possible cost. (The Institute of Management)Juran, in an interview (Gordon 1994), claims that TQM involves the use of any means to achieve World-Class Quality, and acknowledges that there is no clear definition of TQM. These are just a few definitions of TQM. Each guru, each consultant has their own depending on their particular bias. A company undertaking TQM will probably arrive at its own version, which is fine as not all the tools, techniques and philosophy will be relevant to them and they will have their own bias, but any outsider should recognise it as TQM. Short Outline of Life of Fidel V Ramos Sample Essay6. TQM does not demand changes in management compensation payment of bonuses depending on short-term profit is still the main bonus measure (80% of organisations). 7. TQM does not demand entirely new relationship with outside partners sole supplier status is often misused to hold that supplier to ransom, rather than using support, trust and caring about the well being of your partners to improve the whole supply chain. 8. TQM appeals to faddism, egotism and quick fixism TQM is often sold as a quick fix. Many managers are not capable of staying the course in this never-ending process; many lose the plot and become obsessed with the Baldrige Award. 9. TQM drains entrepreneurship and innovation from corporate culture Companies need to be more chaotic to make the big breakthroughs and this does not fit with Do-it-right-first-time. People will accept the imperfect if there are other compensations. Ferrari makes impractical cars that leak oil and breakdown a lot but they sell. 10. TQM has no place for love TQM is clinical, analytically detached, sterile and mechanical. There is no emotion or soul. You have no right to manage unless you talk passionately about what you are doing. Debbie Coleman Apple. 11. TQM is sold and implemented as a formula to solve all your problems TQM should be kept in perspective, it is tqm not TQM! It wont, and cant, solve every problemRecommendationsAgrotran should adopt TQM as part of their business strategy. They should be clear on why they want to do this long-term profitability, increase market share etc., and tailor their approach. There are a number of tasks Agrotran should under take in this process:1. Establish a TQM team to oversee the projects and training. This should be made up of the senior management, it is important that management understand and is committed to TQM. It should include someone from Nat-truk who has experience in this area, and Tom Smith as the most vocal critic to act as devils advocate and to win his commitment back which seems to have taken a knock. 2. Establish the reasons for change and communicate this to all involved 3. Create a Vision statement that encapsulates what the company is trying to achieve and how it intends to achieve it. In all the different activities this will provide everyone with a common focus4. Establish the standard they intend to supply with reference to customer requirements the capabilities of the company and its suppliers. 5. Carry out a health check to establish their current position, what areas are in most need of improvement, what situations are constant problems, e.g. The communication problems over process etc. 6. Set up a system that will collect data and establish the costs of failure and the reasons behind this. 7. It would probably be worthwhile reviewing their Quality System (ISO9000) as this seems to be Nat-Truks imposed on Agrotran. This should be mainly under the control of Agrotran as it will be based on their knowledge of how Agrotran works best and their knowledge of their current customers requirements, Nat-truk would have more input, but not take over, when it comes to their areas of expertise. 8. Use the previous step to draw a quality strategy, to include; Goals, required systems and tools, behaviour changes to create a suitable culture in the company, resources required. Create a timetable and priorities for the definable projects. Some projects should be aimed to be completed soon, so that changes can be seen. 9. Establish the requirement and time table for training and education10. The senior management should also keep themselves up to date with the current developments, debates and criticisms of TQM. After all TQM does practice what preaches continuous improvement and this can help the company in their own continuous improvement. ReferencesCrosby PB. (1979) Quality is free, The art of making quality certain McGraw-HillDale, BG. (1999) Managing Quality Third Edition Blackwell BusinessFeigenbaum AV. (1991) Total Quality Control, Third Edition Revised, 40th Anniversary Edition McGraw-HillGordon, J. (1994) An Interview with Joseph M Juran. (advocate of total quality management) Training, May 1994 v31 n5 p35Grint, K. (1997) TQM, BPR, BSCs and TLAs: managerial waves or drownings? (total quality management; business process reengineering; just in time; balanced score cards; three-letter acronyms) Managerial Decision, Sept-Oct 1997 v35 n9-10 p731Grossman, SR. (1994) Why TQM doesnt workand what you can do about it. (Total Quality Management) Industry Week, Jan 3, v243 n1 p57Harari, O. (1992,1997) Ten reasons TQM doesnt work (reprint, best of the cutting edge) V86 Management Review, 01-01-1997Harari, O. (1993), The eleventh reason why TQM doesnt work. (Total Quality Management) Management Review, May 1993 v82 n5 p31Hia m, A. (1994) Does Quality Work? A Review of Relevant Studies The Conference Board. New YorkThe Institute of Management, Total Quality: Mapping a TQM Strategy, Checklist 029, Institute of Management The Institute of Management, Preparing for ISO9000, Checklist 004, Institute of ManagementJuran, JM. Gryna, FM. (1988) Jurans Quality Control Handbook 4th EditionKaye, M Anderson, R. (1999) Continuous improvement: the ten essential criteria International Journal of Quality Reliability Management, v16 n5 p485BibliographyBeckford, J. (1998) Quality A critical introduction Routledge, London New YorkBeecroft, GD. (1999) The role of quality in strategic management Management Decision, v37 i6BSI (1990) BSI Handbook 22 Quality assurance British Standards InstituteConti, T. (1999) Vision 2000: positioning the new ISO 9000 standards with respect to total quality management models. Total Quality Management, July 1999Easton, GS. Jarrell, SL. (1998). The effects of total quality management on co rporate performance: an empirical investigation. The Journal of Business, April 1998 v71 n2 p253Fulsher, J. Powell, SG (1999) Anatomy of a process mapping workshop The Journal of Business, v5 n3 p208Harrington, JH. (19990 Performance improvement: a total poor-quality cost system The TQM Magazine v11 n4 p221Heaphy, MS. Gruska, GF. (1995) The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award A Yardstick for Quality Growth Addison-Wesley Publishing CompanyHolland, R. (1997) TQM STW Combine as the twin thieves of individualism Richmond Times-Despatch Wed July 9 1997Kanji, GK. (1998) Total quality management models Total Quality Management, Oct 1998 v9 i7 p633Kuger, V. (1999) Towards a European definition of TQM a historical review The TQM Magazine v11 n4 p257Laszlo, GP. (1999). Implementing a quality management program three Cs of success: commitment, culture, cost The TQM Magazine v11 n4 p231Lee, TY. Leung, HKN. Chan KCC. (1999). Improving quality management on the basis of ISO 9000 The TQM Magazine v11 i2 McAbe, D. Wilkison, A. (1998). The rise and the fall of TQM: the vision, meaning and operation of change. (total quality management) Industrial Relations Journal, March 1998 v29 n1 p18McAdam, R ONeill, E. (1999) Taking a critical perspective to the European Business Excellence Model using a balanced scorecard approach: a case study in the service sector Managing Service Quality v9 n3 p191McCormack. SP. Lewis, KJ. Mink, O. Batten, JD. (1992) TQM: getting it right the first time Training Development June 1992 v46 n6 p43McFall, M. (1987) Expert systems Computer-aided quality assurance Quality Sept 1987Malone, MS. (1997) A way too short history of fads. (business and management fads) Forbes, April 7 1997 v159 n7 p71Management Scotland (1999), Quality Scotlands Vision Issue 14 September/October 1999, The Institute of ManagementMarsh, J. (1996) The Quality Toolkit A practical resource for making TQM happenMarsh, J. (1995) A proliferation of Quality Initiatives Total Qu ality Partnerships http//www.tqp.com Masson, R. (1999) Quality in Scotland The TQM Magazine V11 I1 Mohanty, RP. (1998) Understanding the integrated linkage: Quality and productivity Total Quality Management, Dec 1998 v9 i8 p753Romano, C. (1994) Report card on TQM Management Review Jan 1994 V83 n1 p22Seddon, J. (1989) A passion for quality Total Quality Management, May 1989Taylor, L. (1993) Quality Street (Total Quality Management) New Statesman Society, Oct 22, v6 n275 p25Wilkes, N. Dale, BG. (1998) Attitudes to self-assessment and quality awards: A study in small and medium-sized companies Total Quality Management Dec 1998, V9 i8 p731Wilkinson, A Willmott, H. (1996) Quality management, problems and pitfall: a critical perspective International Jounal of Quality and Reliability Management Feb 1996 v13 n2 p55Xie, M. Goh, TN. (1999) Statistical techniques for quality The TQM Magazine v11 i4 Business