A Literary Analysis of Still Alice Essay

Still Alice (Genova, 2009) is a spellbinding introduction novel around a 50-year-old woman’s unexpected decrease into beginning stage Alzheimer’s malady. The book is composed by first time writer Lisa Genova, who holds a PH.D in neuroscience from Harvard University. She’s additionally an online reporter for the national Alzheimer’s affiliation. Her different books incorporate Left Neglected and Love Anthony. She lives with her better half and two youngsters in Cape Cod. The topic of the book is identified with the beginning stage Alzheimer’s ailment and how the principle character, Alice Howland’s personal satisfaction or at the end of the day her way of life is influenced because of the malady she is determined to have (Genova, 2009). The epic reveals insight into the lives of those battling with this ghastly ailment of the psyche and how their lives and individuals in them are influenced and upset as a result of it. The life and every day e xercises of an at an early stage set Alzheimer’s sickness quiet exacerbates with time, if appropriate directing meetings and treatment are not led; their circumstance will deteriorate and bring about extreme harm to their emotional well-being. As the story starts, ordinary fights dwell in the Howland family unit. From their most youthful little girl Lydia’s progressing debate about her future, to Alice and John’s own relationship, all while their bustling lives result. Why couldn’t Lydia resemble the remainder of her family? Her sibling Tom and sister Anna followed in their parent’s strides. Setting off for college and having effective professions was their lifestyle. John is a scientist and Alice a teacher of etymology, them two work at Harvard University. Lydia is the outsider of the family. She ventures to the far corners of the planet, is effortless, and tries to be an entertainer. The tumultuous existences of both Alice and John burden their relationship. Pressure increments with the story as Alice is determined to have beginning stage Alzheimer’s illness. The adapting aptitudes of Alice and her family with her conclusion set the pace for the story. Alice’s inner clash devours her, in spite of the fact that she attempts to never let Alzheimerâ₠¬â„¢s infection characterize her. She is angry with herself for overlooking things, yet attempts to think of reasons concerning why she is overlooking. Her dad takes the brunt of all Alice’s outrage. Her contempt for him develops. For what reason did he need to end the lives of her mom and sister? Is it his shortcoming Alice has Alzheimer’s? Alice proceeds with a powerful urge to add to society. The once antagonized connection among Alice and her little girl Lydia steadily improves, and aâ daughter discovers comfort in a mother she never knew. A spouse, who at one time remained by his significant other through everything, amazes his family and deserts his sickly wife for a new position opportunity. Still Alice is told as an outsider looking in perspective with constrained omniscience. The storyteller is Alice Howland, the fundamental character of the story. Through the book we can peruse the manner in which Alice is feeling, glancing through her eyes as the story unfurls. Be that as it may, in the last part of this novel the perspective changes to her better half, John Howland. Perusers can look on as John carries on with his life away from Alice in New York. The essential setting for still Alice (Genova, 2009) is in Cambridge Massachusetts were the principle character Dr. Alice Howland lives with her significant other, John Howland, and shows psychological brain research at Harvard University. Different settings remember their home for Chatham Massachusetts where Alice and John go to travel. The fundamental character is Dr. Alice Howland an advanced moderately aged proficient lady. She’s a splendid teacher encountering mental glitches like overlooking a word while giving a talk, losing keys, and so on. Alice thinks this is because of approaching menopause, middle age or conceivably stress. However, she hasn’t experienced menopause and she’s not feeling pushed. The extremely important occasion is when Alice overlooks her direction home while running in Harvard square (p. 21). Suspecting that something isn't right and without revealing to her significant other, Alice decides to see Dr. Davis a nervous system specialist who determined her to have beginning stage Alzheimer’s sickness (p. 70). The determination hits Alice and her family like a capital punishment. Alice understands that she doesn’t have enough time left and concludes that it ought to be gone through with her family. Her two more established youngsters Anna and Tom choose to experience hereditary testing for the Alzheimer’s quality. Her most established girl Anna tests positive for the quality (p. 108). Alice turns out to be totally dependent on her blackberry to traverse her day and turns into an extraordinary rundown producer however she can’t consistently comprehend her rundowns. As the illness advances Alice leaves her showing position at Harvard University and quits any pretense of running since she has lost her feeling of profundity recognition. In spite of the fact that the infection denies Alice of her recollections, she holds her comical inclination for example at the point when she attempts to wear her clothing as a games bra, â€Å"she snickers at her own crazy madness† (P. 199). Alice’s character is extremely convincing, connecting with, and holds your consideration all through the book. John Howland is Alice’s spouse; he is an educator of organic chemistry at Harvard University. When John gets some answers concerning Alice’s conclusion, he feels that she has been misdiagnosed. He demands hereditary testing, which would show that Alice has the Alzheimer’s quality. John battles to manage Alice’s finding. He turns into her essential guardian, yet will not take a gander at Alice when she takes out her pill box. He figures out how to keep functioning by leaving Alice enormous update notes on the cooler not to go running alone (p. 196). John is clearly lamenting the loss of his significant other however can't communicate his feelings in a positive manner. An advancement at long last happens when John can comfort his significant other when she encounters an incontinence scene (p. 150). Anna is Alice’s most established little girl; she’s an effective legal counselor and is hitched to Charles, additionally an attorney. Anna is solid and wildly autonomous simply like her mom. Anna manages her mother’s ailment by proposing that on the off chance that her mother â€Å"thinks for a second†, at that point perhaps she’ll have the option to recollect things (p. 173). Anna, anyway still makes time to think about her mother when her father is away. Alice’s just child Tom is a minor character in the book. He is available during family social affairs and significant minutes for example at the point when Alice unveils that she has Alzheimer’s sickness (p. 103). He manages his mom‘s determination by being far off. The principle enemy in the book is Alice’s most youthful girl Lydia Howland. She opposes the family’s instructive custom and decides to take acting classes in Los Angeles in order to become an on-screen character. Lydia’s choice causes a great deal of contention between her folks. She’s the one in particular that will pass on the Alzheimer’s hereditary testing. Nonetheless, as Alice’s condition falls apart, Lydia turns into the most important player of the family; she becomes Alice’s number one backer. She doesn’t attempt to â€Å"test† Alice’s memory however is there for her when she needs her (p. 162). The connection among Alice and Lydia improves. Lydia in the end tunes in to her mother’s guidance and enlists at Brandies University to contemplate theater (p. 258). The symbolism in Still Alice is enrapturing. It causes the peruser to remain alert, thinking about what will occur next in the story. The story is moving to such an extent that the peruser can basically picture the characters and bear their encounters through each of the five detects. One model of symbolism that is interesting is when Alice is a visitor speaker at Stanford. Her certainty and love for her vocation is alluring. She had discussed the specific subject various occasions and each time she had done this, she felt regarded. Alice had consistently talked without perusing herâ notes effortlessly. Very much into her conversation she unexpectedly gets confounded. â€Å"The information uncover that unpredictable action words expect access to the mental†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 10). The word was lost despite the fact that she saw completely what she had expected to state. As the scene is portrayed, the peruser can get a feeling of frenzy that Alice is encountering (pp. 8-11). An exceptional outline of symbolism is when Alice goes for a go through Harvard Square, obstructs from her home and can't recall her way back. The portrayal of her environmental factors is scratched in the reader’s mind. â€Å"Steady stream of joggers, hounds and their proprietors, walkers, rollerbladers, cyclists, and ladies pushing babies in jogger buggies, similar to an accomplished driver on a normally voyage stretch of roa d† (pp. 20-21). â€Å"The hints of her Nikes hitting the asphalt in timed musicality with the pace of her breath† (p. 20). â€Å"She realized she was in Harvard Square, yet she didn’t realize what direction was home† (p.21). â€Å"People, vehicles, transports, and a wide range of insufferable clamor hurried and wove past her† (p. 22). The peruser can detect Alice’s condition of dread during this scene. A significant occasion of symbolism is when Alice visits her essential consideration doctor. At a certain point and time Dr. Moyer’s office held no negative connections for Alice. â€Å"I don’t think your memory issues are expected to menopause† (p.41). â€Å"She battled the driving forces developing stronger inside her, beseeching her to either rests or get the hellfire out of that looking at room immediately.† The peruser can see the condition of tension Alice is in (p.41). Other specialist visits were similarly as fascinating. â€Å"Alzheimer’s disease†¦.The words took the breeze out of her†¦The sound of her name entered her every cell and appeared to dissipate her atoms past the limits of her own skin† (pp. 70-71). The visit to Mount Auburn Manor Nursing Cent

Improving Leadership Skills and Academic Performance Assignment

Improving Leadership Skills and Academic Performance - Assignment Example While I have consistently been outgoing in social and expert circumstances, before this examination program, my carelessness in my capacities and information entangled being a strong colleague when working in gatherings. For example, I had recently wanted to work autonomously much of the time, both scholarly and expert, with minor degrees of disdain and hostility when compelled to work in group conditions. It was anything but a characteristic piece of my character in which I accepted that colleagues were not competent, just that trust in my own gifts and capacity to compose made it hard for me to fabricate bunch between reliance and depend on others accomplishing group objectives. Consequently, I have come to discover that a successful pioneer is one that gives others chances to exceed expectations and make positive commitments to a gathering. Stover (2004) talks about the idea of inferred information and express information, in which people that keep up a particular arrangement of abilities (implied information) must change over this information to instruct others. Collaboration with others, as per Stover, is completely important for viable information change to be accomplished. In any case, as previously mentioned, my own protection from participative collaboration tested picking up followership from others as a compelling pioneer. My present investigation program has given me plentiful chances to work with others and I have put forth a capable attempt at decreasing the interior clashes that emerge when compelled to work in bunches where all individuals have a particular errand. A portion of these perspectives and protection from cooperation philosophy is likely a result of my social foundation in the Middle East. In my nation of origin, usually proficient individuals from an association, in legislative issues and even broad society to keep up high force separation, characterized by Hofstede (2001) as a kind of imbalance where progressions are predominant business, social and political structures.

Plant Biology questions ---angiosperm questions Assignment

Plant Biology questions - angiosperm questions - Assignment Example Cotyledons are minor structures found in seed and they structure leaves during their later turns of events. In any case, among the angiosperm species remember dandelions with variety Taraxacum for the family Asteraceae. Furthermore, there is the Orchis adenocheilaeâ species of the Orchis sort in the group of Orchis or the orchidaceae. Dandelions (Taraxacum officinale) are a weed that is basic in North America. They are annoyance in yards; in any case, they additionally show up in garden beds. They are dim green with rough edged leaves that are organized in roundabout rosettes (Martin, 2005; PG. 05). Their stems for the most part ascend from rosettes with brilliant yellow tops. They can be portrayed as daisy molded blossoms that regularly open in mid spring after which they rapidly puff white seed heads. Each seed has parachute that takes off with twist; accordingly, they are scattered by wing (Dodson, n.d.; PG. 01). These seeds sprout excitedly; be that as it may, they take some eff ort to have dependable balance. They frequently blossom in about all seasons and promptly endure winter that influences almost the whole North America (Wachman, n.d.; 01). They have profound taproots which promptly sprout new leaves if root isn't murdered or evacuated. At the point when harmed, the whole plant leak smooth sap. Then again, the Orchis adenocheilaeâ has various attributes that make them recognized from different blossoms. The sexual bits of Orchis adenocheilaeâ are not the same as different blossoms in that they are described by decreased number of sexual bits (Jacquemyn et al. 2011; pg. 01). The general blossom is portrayed by style, fibers, anthers, and disgrace, includes that are decreased in Orchis adenocheilaeâ and combined into a solitary organized alluded to section. Orchids have just a single anther that is arranged at the peak of their segment (Yang, 2011; PG. 01). Furthermore, an orchid’s ovary has three carpels that intertwined to an outward proof of existing three edges that are found outwardly of seed units. Prominently, a develop orchid seed opens as a rule opens about the center point between the lines. Along these lines, the seeds of this bloom are scattered through self scattering. The ovules are frequently masterminded in within the edges of the ovary where they don't create until the bloom is pollinated; along these lines, the deferral among fertilization and opening up of the dry case. At long last, it is significant that petals and sepals are very particular in orchids and have remained the principle qualification among them and different blossoms (Garden and Landscape Tips, n.d.; pg. 01). Their petals are alluded to labellum or lip. Two or up to three of these sepals are normally joined to a section and their prolific stamens are generally situated on one side on the blossom. At last, it is significant that orchids rely upon self and cross-fertilization. Regardless, it is important that orchids in hot locales rely upon cross fertilization that is encouraged by various sorts of honey bees while those in chilly areas rely upon self fertilization (Dodson, n.d.; PG. 01). Be that as it may, they rely upon mycorrhizal organisms to finish their life cycle particularly at their beginning time of advancement. The Orchids is the biggest angiosperm and has almost 2,000 species including the Orchis adenocheilae. In the networks in the biological framework, species generally associate with each other to shape a perplexing and a profoundly organized system. These system structures generally fluctuate

Cyber Bullying in Teen 13-17 - Free Essay Example

Question: When it comes to social media I grew up in a time where myspace was just coming out and was booming. Today there is Facebook, twitter, snapchat, Instagram and probably other forms of social media that I know nothing about. Along with social media, society has put a big emphasis on cyber bullying. There have been movies on the topic and cyber bullying also appears in T.V. shows. There have been news reports on the topic and warning everywhere to watch your children’s online activity because of cyberbullying. I have grown out of the age group where cyberbullying would be an issue and have no idea how prevalent to today’s teens this issue is and how it impacts them. As much as cyberbullying has been pushed on society as a national issue that should be high on our radar, I wanted to figure out if today, cyberbullying is really as prominent and as big of an issue as the media lets on and how the teens of today are dealing with this issue. Research: In researching the topic of cyberbullying, I was not aware that texting is also considered a part of cyber bullying. According to stopbullying.gov there are multiple ways someone could be bullied over the internet. These include, sharing nude photos, spreading lies and face accusations, bullying for not having a lot of money, creating a false identity online and taking advantage of others, bullying for being gay, jealousy bullying, encouraging self-harm or suicide and online gaming bullying where someone could post another person’s personal information such as address or phone number to the public. Even though I have seen some of the news reports on cyberbullying it is still sad to think a teen could do this to another person. For example, encouraging suicide, I don’t see how any person would be able to say, or type, words of encouragement for someone to take their own life. In an article written on December 8th, 2018 by Amy Rock titled â€Å"Bullying Statistics Every K-12 Teacher, Parent and Student Should Know†, only about 11.5% of all bullying of children ages 12- 18 occurred online or through text. Although a study done in 2017 by Justin Patchin reveals that â€Å"about 28% of the students (middle and high school) †¦ have said they have been the victim of cyberbullying at some point in their lifetime. The website Dosomething.org has said that â€Å"68% of teens agree that cyberbullying is a serious problem†. Am curious to conduct my own research and find out if these teens think cyberbullying is a problem because the media is telling them that it is or because it is actually occurring. From the research I have seen the researchers seem to be getting a bit different statistic from one another. This could be due to children not wanting to admit they have been cyber bullied or maybe it could be relative to where they are doing the research. So, my research will only be a small representation of the area in which I live. Also dosomething.org reported that girls are more likely to be cyberbullied than boys. I am interested to see if this is the case that I find with my research. All of the research is consistent though in that traditional bullying or bullying done in person is still more prevalent than cyber bullying. I find this a little strange, only because all of the coverage on cyberbullying would lead some to believe that it is occurring more or more of an issue than traditional bullyin g. I know there are places and people that take a stand on bullying as a whole but most if the articles or news reports or ads I see about bullying are a majority about cyber bullying and I cant help but think that maybe if we looked at bullying as a whole it might be better suited for the students who are being bullied especially because traditional bullying is still more of an issue these days. Hypothesis: After researching this topic and learning a little bit more about it I think that cyberbullying won’t be as big of an issue as it has been portrayed in the media. I would say less than 15% of the teens I will research will have been cyber bullied in their life. I do think that there will be more girls than boys that have been a victim of cyber bullying because from experience, girls are sassier and can become more jealous than boys. I do not believe that bullying because of race or sexuality or money will be very prevalent in today’s teens because I do think we have one a good job of creating a generation that is more open minded and I would like to think more accepting. Method: The best way to get honest answers about a topic that is touchy or emotional in my opinion would be to do an anonymous survey. This way the teens can answer without fear of being judged or embarrassed. I have decided to create a survey and have my sister who is a sophomore in high school pass some out. I am also a nanny and the oldest two children are 14 and 16 and although they are homeschooled, I thought it would be good to see their perspectives and also, they participate in quite a few activities outside of schools, so I will be passing them out there too. All together I am hoping to get 50 surveys completed for children ages 13-17. I have asked mt sister to hand out 15 to girls and 15 to boys. I will then have 10 girls as 10 boys complete the survey, so we will have an equal number of male and female participants. Here I will attach a sample of the survey. Cyber Bullying All of this information is anonymous and is strictly for a research paper. What is your gender? How old are you Have you ever been cyber bullied? (this includes online such as Facebook or twitter as well as over text or email) Have you ever cyberbullied someone else? If you have been cyber bullied circle all the ways that someone has bullied you. Nude photos Threats Mean comments about race Mean comments about sexuality Mean comments about social class Rumors spread about you. Other (please elaborate below) Thank you for your time and honesty! Findings: I was able to get all 50 surveys back with the help of my sister and the children I nanny! I also was able to get half male participants and half female. Getting the teens to fill out the survey wasn’t as hard as I thought. They were very willing and helpful. I think the fact that I kept the survey short and to the point was helpful. In my hypothesis I said that less than 15% of the teens I surveyed would have been cyber bullied and I was proven wrong. in my research 28% of participants said they had been cyber bullied before. I also hypothesized that more girls would have been cyber bullied than boys and that came out to be true. Of that 28% that had been cyberbullied, 36% of those were male and 64% were female. Something I didn’t expect was that males in my research were actually more likely to have cyberbullied someone else than females. In total 14 teens said they had been victims of cyber bullying and of that 14, no teens said nude photos or social class had anything to do with their being bullied. Race, sexuality and other (specified to be appearance) all accounted for 7% each. Threats accounted for 14% and rumors had the most with 64%. I hadn’t put appearance as one of the options for reasons of being bullied but looking back I would have because I think that is an important one and I’m glad one of the teens was willing to write that under the â€Å"other† option. I didn’t expect there to be that many threats and even though the numbers are on the low side, I am saddened to see that race and sexuality were reasons for bullying at all in todays day and age. Conclusion: Although I still believe that the media makes cyber bullying out to be a bigger than it is, it is definitely still prevalent in todays teens and more so than I imagined. I do think that these results would very from place to place especially when it comes to race and sexuality. Although I was saddened to see them make an appearance in my research, I’m also sure that if I were to pass out this same survey in somewhere like the mid- west or a town with limited exposure to different cultures and sexuality that those reasons might be higher up on reasons to be bullied. Girls are still being cyber bullied more than males and according to my research it might be some of the males who are bullying the females. In my opinion this has to change, and it needs to be brought to attention that some of the teenage males are the ones making teenage females feel bad about themselves. We still have quite a way to go to improve cyber bullying and bullying in general but there seem to be awesome programs for children and families. There is ample research that has already been collected on this topic and is continued to be collected. I think that the message that cyber bullying is real and is not okay has been spread well but what might be good is to look at some of the reasons the teens are being bullied and tackle those. Help teens see that making fun of someone’s race or sexuality and spreading nasty rumors is not okay and how it affects others.

The Concept of Postmodernism - 5138 Words

CHAPTER 1 The concept of ‘Postmodernism’- A Theoretical Approach It is a clichà © by now to say that we live in a postmodern world, and it is true that the word ’postmodern’ has become one of the most used, and abused, words in the language. Still, it is striking that not many people can say with assurance what this term actually means and involves. Some theorists suggest that ‘postmodernism’ refers to a mood or an attitude of mind, others define it as a literary, cultural, or philosophic phenomenon. Either way, critics haven’t agreed on a common definition for the concept. â€Å"Brian McHale points out that every critic â€Å"constructs† postmodernism in his or her own way from different perspectives, none more right or wrong†¦show more content†¦He famously claimed that when one of he most representative examples of the style, the award- winning Pruitt- Igoe housing complex in St Louis, Missouri, was demolished in 1972, modern architecture died. The trend towards eclecticism in architecture, wi th old and new styles freely being mixed, was given its greatest boost by Jencks. He also considers that the confusions between the late modernism and the post-modernism could be explained by the fact that both artistic movements were born in the post-industrial society. On the other hand, he claimed that the concept of postmodernism itself suffered some changes during the decades and became clear in its meaning only in the ‘80s.. But not all theorists see such a contrast between modernism and postmodernism. In Postmodernist Fiction, Brian McHale affirms: â€Å" Postmodernism follows from modernism in some sense, more than it follows after modernism†.[v] Dan Grigorescu, a Romanian theorist, shares the same opinion concerning the dispute between modernism and postmodernism: â€Å"Prin â€Å"noua paradigmÄÆ'† nu se urmÄÆ'reÅŸte acreditarea ideii cÄÆ' ar exista o rupturÄÆ' totalÄÆ' à ®ntre modernism ÅŸi postmodernism, ci mai degrabÄÆ' a aceleia potrivit cÄÆ'reia modernismul, avangarda ÅŸi cultura popularÄÆ' au intrat à ®ntr-un nou sistem de relaÃ… £ii reciproce ÅŸi de configuraÃ… £ii ale discursului ce a primit numele de postmodernism, considerat de autorul rà ¢ndurilor de faÃ… £Ã„Æ' ca fiind cu totul diferit de paradigma â€Å"modernismului elevat†Show MoreRelatedThe Concept of Postmodernism5129 Words   |  21 PagesCHAPTER 1 The concept of ‘Postmodernism’- A Theoretical Approach It is a clichà © by now to say that we live in a postmodern world, and it is true that the word ’postmodern’ has become one of the most used, and abused, words in the language. 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Inside The Mind Of Emily Grierson - 1437 Words

Inside The Mind of Emily Grierson Mental illness is not an uncommon thing to come across when faced with traumatic or psychologically damaging events. It is a combination of both of these in the case of Emily Grierson within William Faulkner’s short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily†. A strong reliance on her father due to his strict rule prohibiting her from seeing other men combined with his passing and initially denial of his death results in Miss Emily being both mentally unstable and completely disconnected from the world around her. The consequences for the stunted emotional growth of Miss Emily was that she could not let go of the dead which results in her keeping bodies of the dead from being taken away from her on two separate occasions, one of which was the product of her murdering her lover Homer Barron to make sure that he could never leave her. Some critics believe that all of these events ultimately stem from the initial control that her father had over her, and how he sheltered her from the world with a strong rule. Being isolated from the world can cause people to be crippled in a way when it comes to developing normally on a mental level. There is a certain need for human interaction when it comes to learning how to properly function in society. In her criticism regarding the unraveling of Miss Emily entitled â€Å"A road to destruction and self-destruction: the same fate of Emily And Elly†, Pingping Yang discusses the emotional dependency that Emily had to her father.Show MoreRelatedCharacter Analysis of Emily Grierson in A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner757 Words   |  3 PagesRose for Emily.† In his short story, Faulkner summarizes the life of a forsaken woman, whom, while heavily respected by her town, is also quite pitied. 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Introduction Persuasive Essay Example For Students

Introduction Persuasive Essay TQMThe purpose of this report is to critically analyse, evaluate and discuss related management issues conducive to the development of a total quality management environment within an organisation. This shall be done by critically analysing the case study of Agrotran Ltd. This report will discuss the role and application of quality management systems in organisations, debate and recommend a suitable way forward for Agrotran Ltd. The issues concerning Agrotran LtdAgrotran is a small engineering company specialising in the manufacture of farming equipment. The four owners have recently sold out to the Nat-truk Group a manufacturer of specialist trucks and transports. The original owners set up Agrotran when they were made redundant from a large engineering company. They have a good working relationship, working well as a team and intimate knowledge of their business. They also have a laid back style of management. There are a number of issues that have arisen since the take-over. Nat-truk are seeking to be included on the Ministry of Defences approved supplier list. This means that they and Agrotran need to achieve ISO 9000 certification although this was argued against by one of the former owners during the take-over negotiations. This has been seen as an imposition of extra cost and bureaucracy on Agrotran by Nat-truk. Nat-truk has also introduced its own employees to Agrotran. This has resulted in fights breaking out between Agrotran and Nat-truk workers. The bases of these arguments are over communication problems involving processes, standards and specifications. This has resulted in some of Agrotrans best customers complaining about quality. One of the original owners Tom Smith has laid the blame on the extra procedures and paperwork choking up the system causing delays and loss of control. The role and purpose of quality management systemsThe role and purpose of quality management systems is to reduce the dependence on 3rd party audits and to provide a documented management system, which will provide clearer working procedures, improve quality control and efficiency. The Key features of a quality management system are the documented policy manuals and procedures on which the company could be audited. These policies and procedures should allow flexibility and adapt to change but always regain control. The objective of the quality management system ISO9000 is to give purchasers an assurance that the quality of the products and/or services provided by a supplier meets their requirements (Dale 1999). With this the company would seek to widen its customer base, as the customer is given an assurance of quality and the need for them to carry out their own audit is not required unless their own standards are higher than the requirements of ISO9000. A number of major purchasers use this registration as the first-pass over a suppliers quality system (Dale 1999). ISO9000 can also be used as the foundation for the introduction of TQM. The application of quality management systemsThe application of the ISO9000 series of standards can be used in three ways (Dale 1999). 1. To provide guidance to organisations, to assist them in developing their quality systems2. As a purchasing standard (when specified in contracts)3. As an assessment standard to be used by both second party and third party organisations. The ISO9000 series consists of ISO9000, ISO9001, ISO9002, ISO9003, and ISO9004ISO9000 Guidelines for Selection and Use and ISO9004 Guidelines for Specific Applications are only used as guidelines and to explain the application of ISO9001, ISO9002 and ISO9003. ISO9001 Model for Quality Assurance in Design, Development, Production, Installation and ServicingCovers 20 principal clauses which are of a management or operational natureManagement/macro requirementsOperational requirements1. Management responsibility2. Quality system3. Contract review5. Document and data control17. Internal quality audits18. Training4. Design control6. Purchasing7. Control of customer-supplied product8. Product identification and traceability9. Process control10. Inspection and testing11. Control of inspection, measuring and test equipment12. Inspection and test status13. Control of non-conforming product14. Corrective and preventive action15. Handling, storage, packaging, preservation and delivery16. Control of quality records19. Servicing20. Statistical techniquesThe Institute of ManagementISO9002 includes all of ISO9001 except design controlISO9003 includes all of ISO9001 except design control, purchasing, process control and servicingDevelopment of a Total Qu ality Management within an organisationIf an organisation is to develop Total Quality Management then it must first understand what it is and how it has been developed. Which is easier said than done, as there are many different definitions of quality and how to achieve it. The main approaches in quality originate from Crosby, Deming, Feigenbaum, and Juran. CrosbyCrosby (1979) defines quality as conformance to requirements, and his approach consists of :#61623; Quality means conformance, not elegance. #61623; It is always cheaper to do the job right the first time. #61623; The only performance indicator is the cost of quality#61623; The only performance standard is zero defects#61623; No such thing as a quality problemThis achieved through Crosbys 14-step quality improvement programme. Responsibility is allocated as follows#61623; The Quality professional a moderate amount#61623; The hourly workforce a limited role, reporting problems to management#61623; Top management an important roleDemingDeming defines quality in terms of quality of design, quality of conformance, and quality of the sales and service function. Demings approach is base on PDCA (Plan, Do, Check, Action) and his philosophy for improving quality is summarised in his 14 points for management. He also points out the seven deadly diseases of western management and organisational practice. Deming (Dale 1999) states that quality and improvement is the responsibility of all the firms employees: top management must adopt the new religion of quality, lead the drive for improvement and be involved in all stages of the process. FeigenbaumFeigenbaum was the first to use the term total quality control. Feigenbaum (1991) has defined it thus Total Quality Control is an effective system for integrating the quality-development, quality maintenance, and quality-improvement efforts of the various groups in an organisation so as to enable marketing, engineering, production, and service at the most economical levels which allow for full customer satisfaction. Feigenbaums approach is to help companies design their own system more than creating managerial awareness of quality. His contribution to the subject of the cost of quality is that quality costs must be categorised if they are to be managed. The three major categories being, appraisal costs, prevention costs, and failure costs which make up the Total Quality Costs. Feigenbaum rests most responsibility with management saying that management must commit themselves:#61623; To strengthen the quality improvement process itself#61623; To making sure that quality improvement becomes a habit#61623; To managing and cost as complementary objectivesInstead of providing a step by step plan Feigenbaum provides ten benchmarks for total quality success. JuranJuran (1988) defines quality as fitness for use, which he breaks into quality of design, quality of conformance, availability, and field service. Jurans approach is to improve quality by increased conformance and decreased costs of quality by the setting of yearly goals. Juran has also developed a quality trilogy (quality planning, quality control and quality improvement) and a ten-point plan to summarise his approach. Juran gives the main responsibility to the quality professionalsThere are many others, who have added to the development of TQM such as Ishikawa,Taguchi, Shingo, Peters, Dale, and Oakland etc. Defining TQMTotal Quality Management is defined in the American Society for Quality Controls Bibliography as TQM is a Management approach to long-term success through customer satisfactionbased on the participation of all members of an organisation in improving processes, products, services and the culture they work in (Bemowski 1992 Cited by Hiam 1994)Actions taken throughout the organisation to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of activities and processes in order to provide added benefits to both the organisation and its customers (ISO8402)TQM is a style of managing which gives everyone in the organisation responsibility for delivering quality to the final customer, quality being described as fitness for purpose or delighting the customer. TQM views each task in the organisation as fundamentally a process which is in a customer supplier relationship with the next process. The aim at each stage is to define and meet the customers requirements in order to maximise the satisf action of the final consumer at the lowest possible cost. (The Institute of Management)Juran, in an interview (Gordon 1994), claims that TQM involves the use of any means to achieve World-Class Quality, and acknowledges that there is no clear definition of TQM. These are just a few definitions of TQM. Each guru, each consultant has their own depending on their particular bias. A company undertaking TQM will probably arrive at its own version, which is fine as not all the tools, techniques and philosophy will be relevant to them and they will have their own bias, but any outsider should recognise it as TQM. Short Outline of Life of Fidel V Ramos Sample Essay6. TQM does not demand changes in management compensation payment of bonuses depending on short-term profit is still the main bonus measure (80% of organisations). 7. TQM does not demand entirely new relationship with outside partners sole supplier status is often misused to hold that supplier to ransom, rather than using support, trust and caring about the well being of your partners to improve the whole supply chain. 8. TQM appeals to faddism, egotism and quick fixism TQM is often sold as a quick fix. Many managers are not capable of staying the course in this never-ending process; many lose the plot and become obsessed with the Baldrige Award. 9. TQM drains entrepreneurship and innovation from corporate culture Companies need to be more chaotic to make the big breakthroughs and this does not fit with Do-it-right-first-time. People will accept the imperfect if there are other compensations. Ferrari makes impractical cars that leak oil and breakdown a lot but they sell. 10. TQM has no place for love TQM is clinical, analytically detached, sterile and mechanical. There is no emotion or soul. You have no right to manage unless you talk passionately about what you are doing. Debbie Coleman Apple. 11. TQM is sold and implemented as a formula to solve all your problems TQM should be kept in perspective, it is tqm not TQM! It wont, and cant, solve every problemRecommendationsAgrotran should adopt TQM as part of their business strategy. They should be clear on why they want to do this long-term profitability, increase market share etc., and tailor their approach. There are a number of tasks Agrotran should under take in this process:1. Establish a TQM team to oversee the projects and training. This should be made up of the senior management, it is important that management understand and is committed to TQM. It should include someone from Nat-truk who has experience in this area, and Tom Smith as the most vocal critic to act as devils advocate and to win his commitment back which seems to have taken a knock. 2. Establish the reasons for change and communicate this to all involved 3. Create a Vision statement that encapsulates what the company is trying to achieve and how it intends to achieve it. In all the different activities this will provide everyone with a common focus4. Establish the standard they intend to supply with reference to customer requirements the capabilities of the company and its suppliers. 5. Carry out a health check to establish their current position, what areas are in most need of improvement, what situations are constant problems, e.g. The communication problems over process etc. 6. Set up a system that will collect data and establish the costs of failure and the reasons behind this. 7. It would probably be worthwhile reviewing their Quality System (ISO9000) as this seems to be Nat-Truks imposed on Agrotran. This should be mainly under the control of Agrotran as it will be based on their knowledge of how Agrotran works best and their knowledge of their current customers requirements, Nat-truk would have more input, but not take over, when it comes to their areas of expertise. 8. Use the previous step to draw a quality strategy, to include; Goals, required systems and tools, behaviour changes to create a suitable culture in the company, resources required. Create a timetable and priorities for the definable projects. Some projects should be aimed to be completed soon, so that changes can be seen. 9. Establish the requirement and time table for training and education10. The senior management should also keep themselves up to date with the current developments, debates and criticisms of TQM. After all TQM does practice what preaches continuous improvement and this can help the company in their own continuous improvement. ReferencesCrosby PB. (1979) Quality is free, The art of making quality certain McGraw-HillDale, BG. (1999) Managing Quality Third Edition Blackwell BusinessFeigenbaum AV. (1991) Total Quality Control, Third Edition Revised, 40th Anniversary Edition McGraw-HillGordon, J. (1994) An Interview with Joseph M Juran. (advocate of total quality management) Training, May 1994 v31 n5 p35Grint, K. (1997) TQM, BPR, BSCs and TLAs: managerial waves or drownings? (total quality management; business process reengineering; just in time; balanced score cards; three-letter acronyms) Managerial Decision, Sept-Oct 1997 v35 n9-10 p731Grossman, SR. (1994) Why TQM doesnt workand what you can do about it. (Total Quality Management) Industry Week, Jan 3, v243 n1 p57Harari, O. (1992,1997) Ten reasons TQM doesnt work (reprint, best of the cutting edge) V86 Management Review, 01-01-1997Harari, O. (1993), The eleventh reason why TQM doesnt work. (Total Quality Management) Management Review, May 1993 v82 n5 p31Hia m, A. (1994) Does Quality Work? A Review of Relevant Studies The Conference Board. New YorkThe Institute of Management, Total Quality: Mapping a TQM Strategy, Checklist 029, Institute of Management The Institute of Management, Preparing for ISO9000, Checklist 004, Institute of ManagementJuran, JM. Gryna, FM. (1988) Jurans Quality Control Handbook 4th EditionKaye, M Anderson, R. (1999) Continuous improvement: the ten essential criteria International Journal of Quality Reliability Management, v16 n5 p485BibliographyBeckford, J. (1998) Quality A critical introduction Routledge, London New YorkBeecroft, GD. (1999) The role of quality in strategic management Management Decision, v37 i6BSI (1990) BSI Handbook 22 Quality assurance British Standards InstituteConti, T. (1999) Vision 2000: positioning the new ISO 9000 standards with respect to total quality management models. Total Quality Management, July 1999Easton, GS. Jarrell, SL. (1998). The effects of total quality management on co rporate performance: an empirical investigation. The Journal of Business, April 1998 v71 n2 p253Fulsher, J. Powell, SG (1999) Anatomy of a process mapping workshop The Journal of Business, v5 n3 p208Harrington, JH. (19990 Performance improvement: a total poor-quality cost system The TQM Magazine v11 n4 p221Heaphy, MS. Gruska, GF. (1995) The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award A Yardstick for Quality Growth Addison-Wesley Publishing CompanyHolland, R. (1997) TQM STW Combine as the twin thieves of individualism Richmond Times-Despatch Wed July 9 1997Kanji, GK. (1998) Total quality management models Total Quality Management, Oct 1998 v9 i7 p633Kuger, V. (1999) Towards a European definition of TQM a historical review The TQM Magazine v11 n4 p257Laszlo, GP. (1999). Implementing a quality management program three Cs of success: commitment, culture, cost The TQM Magazine v11 n4 p231Lee, TY. Leung, HKN. Chan KCC. (1999). Improving quality management on the basis of ISO 9000 The TQM Magazine v11 i2 McAbe, D. Wilkison, A. (1998). The rise and the fall of TQM: the vision, meaning and operation of change. (total quality management) Industrial Relations Journal, March 1998 v29 n1 p18McAdam, R ONeill, E. (1999) Taking a critical perspective to the European Business Excellence Model using a balanced scorecard approach: a case study in the service sector Managing Service Quality v9 n3 p191McCormack. SP. Lewis, KJ. Mink, O. Batten, JD. (1992) TQM: getting it right the first time Training Development June 1992 v46 n6 p43McFall, M. (1987) Expert systems Computer-aided quality assurance Quality Sept 1987Malone, MS. (1997) A way too short history of fads. (business and management fads) Forbes, April 7 1997 v159 n7 p71Management Scotland (1999), Quality Scotlands Vision Issue 14 September/October 1999, The Institute of ManagementMarsh, J. (1996) The Quality Toolkit A practical resource for making TQM happenMarsh, J. (1995) A proliferation of Quality Initiatives Total Qu ality Partnerships http//www.tqp.com Masson, R. (1999) Quality in Scotland The TQM Magazine V11 I1 Mohanty, RP. (1998) Understanding the integrated linkage: Quality and productivity Total Quality Management, Dec 1998 v9 i8 p753Romano, C. (1994) Report card on TQM Management Review Jan 1994 V83 n1 p22Seddon, J. (1989) A passion for quality Total Quality Management, May 1989Taylor, L. (1993) Quality Street (Total Quality Management) New Statesman Society, Oct 22, v6 n275 p25Wilkes, N. Dale, BG. (1998) Attitudes to self-assessment and quality awards: A study in small and medium-sized companies Total Quality Management Dec 1998, V9 i8 p731Wilkinson, A Willmott, H. (1996) Quality management, problems and pitfall: a critical perspective International Jounal of Quality and Reliability Management Feb 1996 v13 n2 p55Xie, M. Goh, TN. (1999) Statistical techniques for quality The TQM Magazine v11 i4 Business

We live in a world of armed conflict. Explain what differing Christian attitudes to armed conflict might be Essay Example

We live in a world of armed conflict. Explain what differing Christian attitudes to armed conflict might be Essay There have been more than 127 wars since 1945. In some areas of todays world, there is nothing but violence. The majority of the news on television is based on the events in Afghanistan and we will never forget the terrorist attacks on New York and Washington D.C. on the 11th of September 2001. Justice has to be sought and then peace and respect will come about. Every Christian should want peace and justice but many of these have different opinions and methods in how to achieve this.Christianity was founded on peace, emerging from its ethic of love. Jesus said to his apostles Peace be with you and we must put his words into action. This peace must guide the destiny of humanity, if we do not find peace; destruction and evil will continue to spread. Pope Paul VI said, Never again war! Peace must guide the destiny of the peoples and of all humanity. The Gaudium et Spes issued by the Second Vatican Council in 1965 states, There will never be a truly human world for everyone until all dev ote themselves to peace. The Catholic Church also teaches that because war is a matter of human freedom, it is a moral question; there are circumstances in which war can be justified, just as there are circumstances in which war cannot be justified. The decision about the justification of war is based on the basic principles of human dignity and respect for human life.These, taken together, offer the basis for what is known as the Just War teaching. Traditional Christian teaching presents these criteria for determining that entering a war is moral. Other criteria must be observed if carrying on the war is moral. What we do in the course of the war must be proportionate to the rights we are trying to defend. This is the Just War Theory. This was an attempt developed by St. Augustine to articulate the right to self-defence and its aim was to limit the occasions of war and the effects of war once it started. Augustine distinguished between private morality, turning the other cheek, and social morality, protecting the common good. There are a number of principles effecting the decision to go to war; the Jus Ad Bellum. This is for the war to be a just cause and to confront a real and certain danger and not for gain or revenge. This means that the war must be for a just cause, not for greed, revenge or power. Our motivation at all times must be love. Those with responsibility for the public and authority must also declare the war.The war cannot be declared by private groups or individuals and the proper authorities must affirm it. During the conflict, the right intention must be acknowledged and this is the pursuit of peace and reconciliation, including avoiding unnecessarily destructive acts or imposing unconditional surrender. For war to be justified, all peaceful alternatives must have been exhausted these include politics and sanctions. The probability of success must also be considered and this should prevent any irrational resort to force. However, even when y ou consider the doctrine of The Just War we have to consider the consequences of war, some may be good, other will be bad. The good would be that the just cause will occur but the bad would more destruction, increased insecurity and a great death toll. St. Augustine said All war, even a just war, is the result of sin, so even if the is some good achieved, there will always be sin. Augustine highlights the seriousness of war and even taking one life is serious.In 1992, the United Kingdom spent à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½23.5 billion on defence compared to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½7.9 billion on education. Many Christians question the basis for these decisions when our aim is ultimately to achieve peace and justice. More money is spent on military weapons than on educating the future leaders of the world. According to Trà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½caire in their report on November 2001, $800 billion was spent in the year 2000 on the arms industry, while $9 billion could eliminate starvation and malnutrition. Many Christians fin d this shocking as the amount of money that could eliminate starvation and malnutrition was spent 90 times over on the arms industry. In the creation stories, we are told that all life is good and sacred; man is made in the image of God.So, if we kill others, we will be punished. It is written in Genesis 9:5-6 If anyone takes human life he will be punished. Man was made like God he will be punished. Man was made like God, so whoever murders a man will himself be killed by his fellow man. This is like Jesus teaching, is attitude is one of non-violence, he does not advocate violent protests against injustice, at Jesus arrest he says, Put your sword back. Those who take up the sword will die by the sword. So, if you wage war and become a murderer, you will in turn experience what you are doing and you will be killed. True justice cannot be achieved in this way. Not everything that is done in the pursuit of justice is automatically moral. To inflict injustice in order to defend justice is irrational.This is the view of pacifists. Pacifists today say violence is never acceptable, they say it breaks the fifth commandment, Thou shall not kill. It is totally against the Christian idea of love. Love thy neighbour as thy self, and also love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you. (Luke 6:27-36, Matt 5:43-48). The Quakers are people who take the biblical ethic of love literally and, they do not take up arms against anyone. In 1660, a declaration given by the Quakers to King Charles II read, We utterly deny all outward wars and strife, and fightings with outward weapons, for any end, or under any pretence whatever; this is our testimony to the whole world. This is what the pacifists believe and this is their declaration to what they consider to be right. Pacifists follow Jesus example and they believe that violence cannot be solved by violence. He says, if someone slaps you on the right cheek, let him slap you on the left cheek as well, dont make sin worse by r epeating the offence and do not retaliate. These Christians think that war in itself is a wrong action, it is unchristian and we should never resort to violence. Martin Luther King was a pacifist and his attitude to achieving justice was that you do not need to use violent means to achieve justice. He said, I now believe that the destructiveness of modern weapons totally rules out the possibility of war ever again achieving a negative good.War has always been a feature in religious history and many Christians have justified wars by claiming it is the will of God. A crusade is a Holy War. The crusades were a series of wars undertaken by Christians in the eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth centuries. They mainly centred on the Holy Land of Palestine. Most Christians today deeply regret these wars in the name of Christ as they regret their treatment of the Jews and Muslims at this time. There are four beliefs behind these crusades, the reason for the war is a holy one, God will guide and lead the armies, the crusades are on Gods side: the enemies are against God, and finally, the war must be carried on to the bitter end. All the crusades think that God was on their side and the Jews were expecting a Holy War when they were expecting a Military Messiah. However, they did not get this fighting leader; instead they got a peaceful and loving leader who did not resort to violence. Jesus rejected violence and he taught that we should love our neighbour. He said that God loves everyone, he does not hate the enemies and he taught us to love our enemies.Some Christians think that war is acceptable because it is our duty to defend the innocent and the most vulnerable. On many occasions Jesus defends the vulnerable because of their faith in God. He cured the woman with a haemorrhage, Jairus daughter, the man with the withered hand and the epileptic boy because of their faith. Jesus also healed these because they were all innocent and Jesus felt compassion and sympathy for the m. These Christians who think that it is our duty to defend the innocent believe that if the innocent and vulnerable are killed or hurt in war that justice should be sought and sometimes these Christians think that the only way that justice can come about is to go into war. They choose this as the lesser of two evils. They believe that every person has a right to self-defence. These Christians also think that leaders like Hitler should be brought to justice and they feel that they should intervene when there are acts of injustice. Bonhoeffer was one of these Christians.Many Christians think that the aftermath of war is never justified, the peace obtained after war is not true peace. People will be weary of one another; there will not be any trust, as the old enemies will be living together. Fear and hatred will rule and evil will continue to spread. There is mass devastation and destruction and it is not necessarily a real victory. The environment is ruined and peoples culture and b ackgrounds are destroyed. War can do much more harm than good; in fact it may bring more evil than it does good. However good can be achieved through war. Evil dictators like Hitler can be overpowered and defeated through war, not through killing him but by making him concede the war. So, the aftermath of war has its good and bad points.Saint James says that there should never be a war, and we can avoid armed conflict by looking at the causes of war. He thinks that if the causes are rooted out then there will never be any wars. This is an extremely valuable teaching for all. The causes of war must be rooted out. These include injustice (especially when the poor are exploited by the rich and the powerful), the desire for power, contempt for others, envy, distrust, pride and selfishness.Taking all of these Christian perspectives into consideration I believe that they all have their Christian morals but they have different attitudes to war and different ways of achieving justice. Oscar Romero believed that the innocent should be defended and he wanted peace. He said, Peace is not the product of terror or fear. Peace is not the silence of cemeteries. Peace is not the silent result of violent repression. Peace is the generous, tranquil contribution of all to the good of all. Peace is dynamism. Peace is generosity. It is right and it is duty. Everyone wants peace and justice, but can this be achieved through violence and war?Can nuclear war ever be justified for a Christian?Many Christians also have differing opinions on this controversial issue. Everyone knows of the tragic Hiroshima bombing and if another atomic or nuclear bomb is dropped there would be severe and extreme consequences. We have to ask ourselves, can a nuclear war ever be justified for a Christian?Some Christians think that nuclear war cannot be justified. If a nuclear war broke out, millions of people and perhaps the whole population of the planet would die. Any war in which nuclear weapons are use d could easily become an all-out war. Many Christians think that this would be undoing Gods work as he created the world and us. The effects are disturbing and devastating, thousands of innocent people are killed, lives are ruined, the environment is ruined and future generations would be at risk from the lethal gamma rays and future attacks. These Christians also think that nuclear weapons are so evil that we must disarm them and it is evil even to possess them. The Church condemns total warfare by the use of weapons of mass destruction, such as nuclear weapons. Destroying whole cities or vast areas of land is a crime against God and against humanity, which deserves absolute condemnation. The Catholic Church is against all nuclear war. A report from The Church and the Bomb in 1982 said, The evils caused by this method of making war are greater than any conceivable evil which the war is intended to prevent. This supports the argument that that you cannot achieve good by evil means.F urthermore, if we have nuclear weapons, we would be a target in a nuclear war. The enemies would want to strike first to destroy our nuclear weapons. Then, we would no longer be a threat to them. Nuclear weapons do not defend you against a nuclear attack. There was no defence against that. In Hiroshima, the Americans wanted unconditional surrender through the nuclear warheads and this is also against the Just War theory. However, before the B-29s took off, William Downey, a recognised Chaplain said, Killing is the name of the game; those who dont accept that have to be prepared to accept the alternative Defeat. This can be taken as a reason which justifies war, but it is not a view of all Christians.Even in warfare there has to be Christian morals and limitations. Many Christians think that the excessiveness is not necessary; bombs should be aimed at military camps, not at civilian areas. A survivor of Hiroshima said, All the skin came off my face and then all the skin on my arms a nd hands fell off. The sky was black as night. Many people were blinded and houses were demolished. No one will ever know exactly how many people were killed in Hiroshima. It is said that about 80,000 people died; either of the immediate effects or of exposure to gamma radiation, which killed victims in 20 to 30 days. The Hiroshima city government said that the true death toll was 140,000 by the end of 1945. The Official US Strategic Bombing survey believed that probably more people lost their lives by fire at Tokyo in a 6 hour period than at any time in the history of man. This is shocking and it shows the dramatic and horrendous effects of a nuclear bomb. There are enough nuclear weapons to wipe out all life on earth. If there was 7/8 of a reduction in the worlds nuclear weapons, there would still be enough to obliterate humanity. This illustrates how much nuclear weapons the world has and how much destruction a percentage of it can cause.However, there are some Christians who thi nk that nuclear war can be justified. There are also many arguments in favour of nuclear war. Firstly, many Christians think that the ends justify the means, peace can be achieved by nuclear war but we must make sure that this is genuine peace, not peace of a threatening nature. By using nuclear weapons in war, lives can be saved. After the Hiroshima bombing Stimson said that there would have been more lives lost if there was a long war and what they did saved lives. Nuclear war is quick and effective.Also, there have been no world wars since nuclear bombs were invented, this could be because they are scared to fire at each other in case they miss or because some peace has been found. If there is a war and you break the enemies will to fight, the war would be over and fewer lives would be lost.Taking all of these Christian views into consideration, I think that there are more valid arguments against nuclear war than there are for nuclear war. Even taking one life is serious, so, if a nuclear weapon can kill thousands and thousands of people this is horrific. War is never good; even if it is made shorter it is just as bad as you are doing an act of evil. However, the world will continue to hold nuclear weapons and the supply will continue to build up. We just have to hope that none need to be fired.

Critics Claim Obama Doubled the National Debt

Critics Claim Obama Doubled the National Debt A widely circulated email that began making the rounds in 2009 indirectly claims President Barack Obama tried to double the national debt in one year, presumably in his first budget proposal after taking office. The email invokes the name of Obamas predecessor, former President George W. Bush, in trying to make its point about the Democratic president and the growing national debt. Lets take a look at the email: If George W. Bush had proposed to double the national debt - which had taken more than two centuries to accumulate - in one year, would you have approved?If George W. Bush had then proposed to double the debt again within 10 years, would you have approved? The email concludes: So, tell me again, what is it about Obama that makes him so brilliant and impressive? Cant think of anything? Dont worry. Hes done all this in 6 months-so youll have three years and six months to come up with an answer! Doubling Down on the National Debt? Is there any truth to the claim Obama proposed to double the national debt in one year? Hardly. Even if Obama went on the most lavish spending spree imaginable, it would have been pretty difficult to double what had been the total publicly held debt, or national debt, of more than $6.3 trillion in January of 2009. It just didnt happen. What about the second question? Did Obama propose to double the national debt within 10 years? According to nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office projections, Obamas first budget proposal was, in fact, expected to double the countrys publicly held debt over the course of a decade. Perhaps this is the source of confusion in the chain email. The CBO projected that Obamas proposed budget would increase the national debt from $7.5 trillion - about 53 percent of the nations Gross Domestic Product - at the end of 2009 to $20.3 trillion - or 90 percent of the GDP - by the end of 2020. The publicly held debt, also called the national debt, includes all monies owed by the United States government to persons and institutions outside the government. National Debt Nearly Doubled Under Bush If youre looking for other presidents who nearly doubled the national debt, perhaps Mr. Bush is also a culprit. According to the Treasury, the publicly held debt was $3.3 trillion when he took office in 2001, and more than $6.3 trillion when he left office in 2009. Thats an increase of nearly 91 percent. CBO Projects Debt to Almost Double by 2048 In June 2018, the CBO projected that without major changes in government spending, the national debt will nearly double as a share of the economy over the next 30 years. Currently (2018) equivalent to 78 percent of the GDP, the GBO projects it will hit 100 percent of GDP by 2030 and 152 percent by 2048. At this point, the debt as a share of the GDP would exceed the records set during World War II. While government spending on discretionary or optional programs is expected to remain steady or even decrease, the growth in the debt will continue to be driven by health care costs and increased spending on entitlement spending, like Medicare and Social Security as ever-more people reach retirement age. In addition, the CBO projects that President Trump’s tax cuts will add to the debt, especially if Congress makes them permanent. The tax cuts, currently in effect for 10 years, are expected to reduce the government’s revenue by $1.8 trillion through 2028, with even greater reductions in revenue if the tax cuts are made permanent. Large and growing federal debt over the coming decades would hurt the economy and constrain future budget policy, reported the CBO. The amount of debt that is projected under the extended baseline would reduce national saving and income in the long term; increase the governments interest costs, putting more pressure on the rest of the budget; limit lawmakers ability to respond to unforeseen events; and increase the likelihood of a fiscal crisis. Updated by Robert Longley

Analysis at the operational level the the presecution of the Allies' Essay

Analysis at the operational level the the presecution of the Allies' defence of Crete in 1941 and identify the enduring lessons - Essay Example Moreover, the leadership, going into the battle already defeated, did not bother to put together a coherent strategy for battle, but, rather, seemed to make it up as they went along. These are all reasons for the defeat, and lessons that were learned. Nevertheless, as the Allies did delay Hitler’s forces for a few weeks, which, in turn, delayed Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet Union, which was the turning point of the war, one could say that the battle of Crete set into motion a chain of events that led to Hitler’s destruction. This paper will examine the reasons why Crete was fought? and how the British tried to defend it? coupled with an analysis of the mistakes made and an analysis of why the battle might not have been so bad after all, as it delayed Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. Why Germany Wanted Crete and How Germany Got Involved in Greece The Battle for Crete had its roots in a demand by Benito Mussolini, Italy’s fascist dic tator, to Greece to allow an Italian occupation of Greece in October of 1940. When the premier of Greece, John Metaxas, defied this request, the Italians began the invasion of Greece (Woodhouse, 1976, p. 16), a move that would prove to be a â€Å"disaster† for Mussolini (Heckstall-Smith, A. & Baillie-Grohman, H.T., 1961, p. 15), and would make Mussolini a â€Å"laughingstock† in Greece (Hart, 1996, p. 87). This move by Mussolini was precipitated by Germany sending soldiers into the Ploesti oilfields, which enraged Mussolini enough for him to launch this invasion (Mazower, 1993, p. 15). The reason that the German action of sending soldiers to Greece so piqued Mussolini was because Mussolini was jealous of Hitler, and felt that he stood in Hitler’s shadow while Hitler rampaged Europe. While Hitler added Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Hungary, France, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and Romania to the Third Reich, Mussolini fantasi zed about adding the Mediterranean to the Italian column, while Hitler insulted him by not allowing him access to the fruits of victory. The final insult was Hitler’s occupation of Romania, a move that was done behind Mussolini’s back (Kiriakopoulos, 1995, p. xv). This insult to Mussolini was what initially caused the Italian dictator to invade Greece in 1940, as Mussolini stated that, about Hitler invading Rumania without consulting him that he â€Å"shall pay [Hitler] back with his own coin; he shall learn from the newspapers that I have occupied Greece. Thus equilibrium would be restored† (Cervi, 1971, p. 60). However, this move was unsuccessful, as Mussolini’s troops were defeated and pushed back into Albania (Mazower, 1993, p. 15). Hitler was incensed by the Italians failure (Van Creveld, 1973, p. 57), regarding it as â€Å"definitely a regrettable blunder† (Hinsley, 1951, p. 102), however, as Hitler could not allow his ally to be totally defe ated, he had to launch his own invasion of Greece, which began April 6, 1941 (Kiriakopoulos, 1995, p. xvi). Greece was also important to Germany, as it was seen as a prelude to the Russian campaign (Von der Porten, 1969, p. 109). This campaign proved to be successful (von Mellenthin, 1977, p. 228), as the Middle East,

Newspapers and Television Media Forum Types Essay

Newspapers and Television Media Forum Types - Essay Example The researcher states that there are immensely significant problems that both newspapers and television point out, and under the domains of the political regimes, the same become even more important. These touch upon the negativities that have marred the politics of the time, the constant developments happening for the sake of the masses, the inter-linkages and relationships that have cropped up every now and then amongst the political forces, and so on and so forth. The need is to understand how the newspapers and television have been able to cover just about everything that is of interest to the general audiences, who are the masses indeed. The element of exposing the political process is something that comes out in the open with the incorporation of the newspapers and television in the long run. What is even more necessary is an understanding that newspapers and television have been associated with finding out the details that no other avenue of life has been able to muster up. Th e element of persuasion attached to both newspapers and television is there because people depend on them for their credibility that they bring to the fore. Merely the fact that the news is present on the airwaves or in the print suggests that it has credibility which could be trusted upon and sought verification from the people who are in charge of the same. However, there are trust issues amongst the people from different cross-sections of life but more or less, the people do believe the written word and the news that are run on the television. Within a political campaign, the persuasion is a core basis of the work that the newspapers and television do. Both these media forums basically educate and inform the voters about the role of the political parties and the campaigns that are being done. What is even more significant is the fact that the element of persuasion gets an indelible impression on the minds and hearts of the people if they have read it in the newspapers or seen it for their own selves on the television. An element of belongingness seems to come along with what is there on the newspapers and on television. This is the reason why many political campaigns center on the usage of both newspapers and television for their political mileage as well as to reach select target audiences. This is one of the core reasons why immense success has been achieved within the related ranks under the discussion of persuasion leading up to the political campaigns and processes.

Music and Cognitive Functioning Essay Example for Free

Music and Cognitive Functioning Essay Music is an art form and one of the most popular media utilized to convey ideas, views, and emotions. It plays various, significant part in everyones life. It can calm one’s mood and emotion. It can relax a person’s tensed body. However, it can also hype and motivate people. Music is also a means that we can use to express our ideas and messages. It can also be an extension of our personality and a manifestation of our identity. The type of music that we listen reflects what kind of person we are. It is often suggested to pregnant women to listen to classical music for it is believed that listening to classical music stimulates the babys activity inside the mothers womb. It is also believed that listening to music by pregnant women increases the probability that their child will be intelligent. Some students can also study their lessons well while listening to music. The melodies and tunes make the environment conducive to learning. They tend to absorb and understand their lessons well while they are listening to their favorite songs. This idea poses the possibility of enhancing peoples cognitive capacity through music. Thus, this paper aims to discuss the relationship of music and a persons cognitive capacity, and whether music increases a person’s intelligence. Music Music is an art, a craft, and an organized representation of sounds, silence, notes, and melodic tunes subjected in a time framework. Music includes a wide array of activities. It could be in the form of a mother putting her child to sleep through a lullaby, a group of kids singing their favorite nursery rhyme, a rock band playing their heart throbbing hits, or simply a person humming unconsciously (Miller 3). Music is a succession of arranged tones that produce a rhythm (Miller 3). This definition does not cover the characteristics of music, but it covers the description of the different genres people may be affiliated with. Music is relative and subjective. It conforms to the taste and preference of the person. Music lessons taught us that music is comprised of notes, staffs, pitch, and voice. These are the superficial discernible characteristics of music. These are the things you will learn in your music class. Music has different forms in various cultures, and it is experienced by individuals through different ways. Music has two subdivisions based on culture. These are the â€Å"high culture† and â€Å"low culture† types of music. High culture music is eminent in U. S. and Europe. This type of music includes the music of the western world formed during the different periods—Classical, Baroque, and Romantic, among others. It is considered as the art music and is performed in the concert halls and churches. It is treasured by people in the conventional music industry. The other type of music includes the contemporary kinds of music like jazz, blues, country, rock, pop, etc. Nowadays, the distinction between the high and low culture of music is widely accepted for it separates the quality of music of better quality, more advanced art music from the music played in the nightclubs and dance halls. Music and Intelligence People always look for ways and means to increase their intelligence. This is inherently true for parents, especially the first-time parents who want to practically boost the cognitive functioning of their children. There is news proliferated by the media that the music of Mozart can actually make a person smarter. Due to this evidence, some educators and policy makers even suggest that playing Mozart’s music in elementary schools should be mandated (Nairne 346). Everyone has been bestowed a gift to excel in different fields. Everyone has his or her own discernible characteristics that enable him or her to take on tasks. However, it was believed that people with high musical aptitude possess low academic aptitude. Nevertheless, in reality, there is no clear correlation between musical inclination and affinity and the academic performance or ability of a person (Gordon 22). Recently, there has been a media fuss questioning if the involvement in music makes a person smarter. There is a significant query of whether there is a â€Å"Mozart effect† if a person is involved in music. Does music enhance a person’s cognitive capacity? There are various studies reporting that music increases learning capability, while other research conducted shows otherwise. Hence, this only shows the limitations and the discrepancy in studying the impact of music on cognitive ability (Crowe 143). The researches conducted regarding the relationship of music and cognitive skills fall under music cognition. This particular field of study involves examination of the different aspects of cognition, including how music is processed by its listeners. It seeks to understand the underlying processes over the standard practices of analyzing, composing, and listening to music. Music has a significant impact on the brain processes. Learning is a complex process that cannot be reduced to a simple human process or experience. In learning, the development of a particular ability will enhance the abilities of a person (Crowe 143). There are really no sufficient analyses on the cognitive effects of long-term exposure to music and passive listening of music on intelligence. The most celebrated short-term effect of music on the increase in intelligence was the interpretation of the 1993 Mozart Effect study. Researchers claimed that 10 minutes exposure to compositions of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart could increase general IQ scores by 8 points (Brown and Volgsten 137). However, there are claims that the study lacks sufficient evidence that exposure to Mozart songs actually render the improvements on the cognitive functioning of an individual. An interesting article that was written by the proponents of the studies on Mozart effects states that there are other types of music which render similar effects, such as folk music, minimalist music, and other types of music that cause relaxation. They also compared the tests of their participants and saw no particular difference on the results on the tests which required remembering numbers and general tests of intelligence. Yet, the Mozart effect manifested in tests which required recognizing visual patterns and mentally rotating objects. The researchers, therefore, concluded that the exposure to Mozarts composition only affects the persons spatial-reasoning abilities (Miche 16). Mozart songs may result in improvement for its omnificent and innovative schema. These songs activate the part of the brain which controls our spatial-reasoning tasks. Thus, this suggests that the persons involved may feel so relaxed and in a good mood, which allows them to perform the reasoning tasks better (Nairne 346). Furthermore, listening to Stephen Kings stories could also render Mozart effect, for the listeners find it enjoyable and entertaining. It relaxes them and enhances their spatial-reasoning skills. On the other hand, a study was conducted exposing participants to slow and sad selection of classical music, and significant findings failed to produce the Mozart effect. It greatly suggests that it is indeed the setting of the mood and arousal that are responsible for the improvements of the spatial-reasoning abilities of people (Nairne 346). The numerous studies mentioned earlier in the text only shows how psychological findings could be inaccurate and misused by the popular media. Although the various studies present valid findings, the improvements on the people’s abilities attributed to music were relatively minute and merely focused on a particular part of brain functioning. There are no stipulated evidences that suggest listening to Mozart or Stephen King produce lasting increase on the general intelligence. However, there may be ephemeral effects on the level of intelligence of a person. For instance, consuming anything that will make a person feel good and light would render the same improvements discussed by the researchers of Mozart effect. Thus, relaxing music makes one feel better about performing tasks, but it does not make hi or her smarter in any way (Nairne 346). Conclusion Music plays a significant role in everyones life. It is a tool for expressing our ideas and messages through the lyrics, melody, and rhythm of a song. It is an extension of our personality. We manifest ourselves—the kind of people we are—through the genre of music we listen to. Music inclination and intelligence have no significant correlation. There is a celebrated study which created hype in the media that exposure to Mozarts composition have a significant increase on the general intelligence of a person. The Mozart effect is a study conducted which concluded that exposure to his music activates the brain functioning which controls the spatial-reasoning abilities. Another study conducted suggests that using slow and sad classical compositions to increase cognitive capacity. However, these types of music failed to render similar effects as the impact of Mozart’s songs. It therefore concludes that anything that makes you feel good and relaxed can make you perform a task better. Works Cited Brown, Steven and Ulrik Volgsten. Music and Manipulation: On the Social Uses and Social Control of Music. New York: Berghahn Books, Inc. , 2006. Crowe, Barbara J. Music and Soulmaking: Toward a New Theory of Music Therapy. Maryland: Scarecrow Press, Inc. , 2004. Gordon, Edwin E. A Music Learning Theory for Newborn and Young Children. Chicago, IL: GIA Publications, Inc. , 2003.

Philosophy - The Dialectical Method :: miscellaneous

Philosophy - The Dialectical Method There are a lot many descriptions for the word dialectic. By viewing all of them what I have ended up concluding in the given context, i.e. Socrates’ Dialectical Method, is that: Dialectic is a variety of languages, conceivably a sort of a composition of the languages in this variety. The word comes from Ancient Greek dialektos, which is derived from dialegesthai, meaning to discourse, converse, and talk. By this root of the word, in this context, I deduce that Dialectics is a method in which people from different walks of life, contained by different personal philosophies (languages) are set together to discuss on a single word, sentence, thought, topic etc. explaining their personal views supported by logical reasons defending their argument. This discussion is meant to have all the possible view points on that particular subject with in a group of people and finally to deduce a definition for the subject which is acceptable by all the individuals involved. The ultimate goal for having Dialectic seems to search for the real the truth. Socratic Dialectical Method Well for this I think first we should know what nature Socrates had, it will help us knowing the uniqueness of Socrates’ method. Socrates was a man of the Periclean age, which witnessed one of the periodic â€Å"bankruptcies of science.† Cosmological speculation, which had been boldly pursued from the beginning of the 6th century, seemed to have led to a chaos of conflicting systems of thought. People had turned away from pursue of science and concentrated themselves not with truth but with making a successful human life. In this time of chaos and individualism, Socrates was the most realistic person in sight. He was always searching for more than the meanings of things already had. He wanted proof of what was defined, proof which would give logical reasons for it self. He was ‘an inquirer’, unsatisfied and still looking for truth. Unlike others he was not self-centered, always ready to be corrected. His nature of being broad minded reflected his way of teaching people, which actually seems to be learning by them. This is the beauty of his method, called as The Socratic Dialectical Method. Procedure Socrates did not call people towards him self, he went out towards them and asked them their views instead of lecturing and forcing his thoughts on them. It was a dialogue form discussion, where individuals brought up their view points on a particular subject set by Socrates.

Motivational Interviewing

Motivational Interviewing Katey Andersen Bethany Degner Jessica Fulton Natalia Pitts Chelsy Stadler Motivational interviewing is a counseling approach developed by Professor William R. Miller, Ph. D and Professor Stephen Rollnick, Ph. D Miller is a professor of Psychology and Psychiatry at the University of New Mexico and received his Ph. D in clinical psychology from the University of Oregon in 1976.Stephan Rollnick completed his Masters in research in Strathclyde University in Glasgow and his professional clinical psychology training in Cardiff, Wales. Motivational interviewing was first thought of y Miller in 1983 in his article Behavioural Psychotherapy and was elaborated on in 1991 with Rollnick. It is a goal-orientated approach (Hall, Gibbie, &Lubman, 2012). There are some specific strategies that have been used to work with individuals. SAMHSA believes that by employing these, MI is a successful method for clients with co-occurring disorders.Motivational interviewing includes: assessing the client's view of the issue and seeing if they understand their condition, finding out if the client wishes to pursue a treatment plan and, if so, having them attend sessions, and astly, helping the client see that there are possibilities for them to change (SAMHSA). MI also assists clients in exploring their motivations for changing. It is important to remember that this approach isn't about counselors telling clients what to do, but clients realizing their potential for change (Hall et al. 2012). Motivational interviewing is helpful for clients that are going through different stages of treatment, but it is thought that it is the most helpful in early treatment. This might be because clients have difficulties realizing the depth of their problems (SAMHSA). Motivational interviewing is a good method to connect with clients because it is a joint and collaborative decision process. The choice for change is up to the client (Hall et al. , 2012).The counselor often uses t echniques to engage the client such as open-ended questions, affirmation, and retlective statements S important to note that only the individual can commit to a change even if goal plans are made between the client and counselor (SAMHSA). When practicing motivational interviewing, the counselor helps the client realize discrepancies in their behavior ersus their goals but otherwise lets the counselor do a lot of the listening to gain information from the client (SAMHSA).They are directive with the client so, together; they can examine goals and resolve ambivalence, therefore; motivational interviewing is solution based (Sobell, 2008). Counselors use multiple techniques to help clients reach their goals for change. The first is eliciting/evoking change talk, which is usually associated with stressful outcomes (Sobell, 2008). It can be used to address discrepancies that the counselor notices. Different questions the counselor can ask include: â€Å"What would you like to ee different about your current situation† or â€Å"What will happen if you don't change† (Sobell, 2008).Counselors could also invite the client to look forward in time to see how their life would be if they do or do not change (Sobell, 2008). Other tactics that are used are reflective listening (SAMSHA) and normalizing (Sobell, 2008). Reflective listening is a tactic of responding to the client in the form of a hypothesis as well as building rapport between the client and the counselor (Sobell, 2008). A specific example is, â€Å"It seems to me that you want to start eating better ecause you have concerns about your health but it is hard to eliminate Junk food from your house. Clients will either agree or disagree with the hypothesis given back to them (Sobell, 2008). Normalizing is letting the client know that they are not alone in their situation and that others find change difficult (Sobell, 2008). Lastly, our research found the Columbo Approach to be intriguing. It is also a means of showing the client discrepancies and sometimes can sound a bit unsympathetic (Sobell, 2008). It got its name from the 1970's TV series Columbo and when counselors evoke discrepancies, it is usually done without bringing about a efensive behavior from the client.The client is also more likely to elaborate on their story (Sobell, 2008). An example would be, â€Å"So, help me to understand, on the one hand you say you want to live to see your 12-year old daughter grow up and go to college, and yet you won't take your medicine your doctor prescribed for your diabetes. How will that help you live to see your daughter grow up,† (Sobell, 2008). Researching motivational interviewing was a good experience for our group. We liked how it was a client-based process because the client has to want to change;Katey especially liked that Motivational Interviewing holds the client accountable. If the client is not following through with their goals and the planning (and counselors hav e tried to suggest those discrepancies), motivational interviewing is not right for the client. We also liked that this form of counseling is adaptable for different types of problems that a client could be experiencing such as substance abuse, health coaching, dual diagnosis, or gambling problems. There doesn't seem to be limits to the help a client can receive with this process if they are willing.These different ypes of problems and addictions are difficult to change if the client doesn't own up to them; which is critical with Motivational Interviewing. One thing that was more of a challenge for us (it could be seen as a good thing or a bad thing) was a lot of our sources had the same information. This means that it was good information and solid work, but it also made it harder to tind tresner sources until we knew about the Riverland search engines. Once we knew how to log into that, there were an abundance of opportunities for more sources that were otherwise unknown about bef ore. Motivational Interviewing Motivational Interviewing Katey Andersen Bethany Degner Jessica Fulton Natalia Pitts Chelsy Stadler Motivational interviewing is a counseling approach developed by Professor William R. Miller, Ph. D and Professor Stephen Rollnick, Ph. D Miller is a professor of Psychology and Psychiatry at the University of New Mexico and received his Ph. D in clinical psychology from the University of Oregon in 1976.Stephan Rollnick completed his Masters in research in Strathclyde University in Glasgow and his professional clinical psychology training in Cardiff, Wales. Motivational interviewing was first thought of y Miller in 1983 in his article Behavioural Psychotherapy and was elaborated on in 1991 with Rollnick. It is a goal-orientated approach (Hall, Gibbie, &Lubman, 2012). There are some specific strategies that have been used to work with individuals. SAMHSA believes that by employing these, MI is a successful method for clients with co-occurring disorders.Motivational interviewing includes: assessing the client's view of the issue and seeing if they understand their condition, finding out if the client wishes to pursue a treatment plan and, if so, having them attend sessions, and astly, helping the client see that there are possibilities for them to change (SAMHSA). MI also assists clients in exploring their motivations for changing. It is important to remember that this approach isn't about counselors telling clients what to do, but clients realizing their potential for change (Hall et al. 2012). Motivational interviewing is helpful for clients that are going through different stages of treatment, but it is thought that it is the most helpful in early treatment. This might be because clients have difficulties realizing the depth of their problems (SAMHSA). Motivational interviewing is a good method to connect with clients because it is a joint and collaborative decision process. The choice for change is up to the client (Hall et al. , 2012).The counselor often uses t echniques to engage the client such as open-ended questions, affirmation, and retlective statements S important to note that only the individual can commit to a change even if goal plans are made between the client and counselor (SAMHSA). When practicing motivational interviewing, the counselor helps the client realize discrepancies in their behavior ersus their goals but otherwise lets the counselor do a lot of the listening to gain information from the client (SAMHSA).They are directive with the client so, together; they can examine goals and resolve ambivalence, therefore; motivational interviewing is solution based (Sobell, 2008). Counselors use multiple techniques to help clients reach their goals for change. The first is eliciting/evoking change talk, which is usually associated with stressful outcomes (Sobell, 2008). It can be used to address discrepancies that the counselor notices. Different questions the counselor can ask include: â€Å"What would you like to ee different about your current situation† or â€Å"What will happen if you don't change† (Sobell, 2008).Counselors could also invite the client to look forward in time to see how their life would be if they do or do not change (Sobell, 2008). Other tactics that are used are reflective listening (SAMSHA) and normalizing (Sobell, 2008). Reflective listening is a tactic of responding to the client in the form of a hypothesis as well as building rapport between the client and the counselor (Sobell, 2008). A specific example is, â€Å"It seems to me that you want to start eating better ecause you have concerns about your health but it is hard to eliminate Junk food from your house. Clients will either agree or disagree with the hypothesis given back to them (Sobell, 2008). Normalizing is letting the client know that they are not alone in their situation and that others find change difficult (Sobell, 2008). Lastly, our research found the Columbo Approach to be intriguing. It is also a means of showing the client discrepancies and sometimes can sound a bit unsympathetic (Sobell, 2008). It got its name from the 1970's TV series Columbo and when counselors evoke discrepancies, it is usually done without bringing about a efensive behavior from the client.The client is also more likely to elaborate on their story (Sobell, 2008). An example would be, â€Å"So, help me to understand, on the one hand you say you want to live to see your 12-year old daughter grow up and go to college, and yet you won't take your medicine your doctor prescribed for your diabetes. How will that help you live to see your daughter grow up,† (Sobell, 2008). Researching motivational interviewing was a good experience for our group. We liked how it was a client-based process because the client has to want to change;Katey especially liked that Motivational Interviewing holds the client accountable. If the client is not following through with their goals and the planning (and counselors hav e tried to suggest those discrepancies), motivational interviewing is not right for the client. We also liked that this form of counseling is adaptable for different types of problems that a client could be experiencing such as substance abuse, health coaching, dual diagnosis, or gambling problems. There doesn't seem to be limits to the help a client can receive with this process if they are willing.These different ypes of problems and addictions are difficult to change if the client doesn't own up to them; which is critical with Motivational Interviewing. One thing that was more of a challenge for us (it could be seen as a good thing or a bad thing) was a lot of our sources had the same information. This means that it was good information and solid work, but it also made it harder to tind tresner sources until we knew about the Riverland search engines. Once we knew how to log into that, there were an abundance of opportunities for more sources that were otherwise unknown about bef ore. Motivational Interviewing It is one of the most carefully defined and rigorous treatment for substance abuse (Miller, 1991). It was developed my William Miller, Stephen Rollnick, and other colleagues over the past 2 decades. It uses a concise psychotherapeutic intervention for helping people change an addictive behavior such as a substance abuse. It is intended to assist and enhance a person’s intrinsic motivation to change addictive behavior in a highly empathetically supportive but strategically directed conversation about the person’s use of substance and related life events.Variety of techniques are used that will increase intrinsic motivation for change. Some useful techniques used are micro skills (open – ended questioning, affirmations, reflections, and Summary or OARS) and strategies (creating discrepancies between a person’s current behavior and his or her goals, his values, the way he perceived himself, establishing and exploring ambivalence and handling resistance skillf ully.(Miller, 1990)Initially, Miller and his colleagues developed Motivational Interviewing to treat people who have alcohol substance abuse; they used principles of motivational psychology and clinical research. If clients have options for alternative approaches they are seem to have an improved treatment and a better outcome. This kind of therapy helped people become realistic, have a set of clear goals which are achievable and possible that will help him or her change for the better.What is motivation? It is the probability that a person will be ready to change, namely, enter into, continue, and adhere to a specific change strategy. Each one of us can be motivated, and those who are lifeless are only considered unmotivated. But, not only motivation will work alone on this kind of therapy, confrontation is also needed, it is a part of all psychotherapies. The question is not solely based if people should be confronted or not, but how to confront effectively and efficiently that ev entually will lead to a successful therapy.Change could not be achieved right away. It takes a lot of time, hard work, and perseverance both for the therapist and the client. Change is hard, but it is essential. Uncertainty or ambivalence is accompanied by change. Every client undergoes this kind of stage where he feels uncertain. This is just a normal part or process of change. Successfully addressing ambivalence is considered to be a crucial skill for a Motivational Interviewing. (Miller, 1990)There are four basic assumptions of Motivational Interviewing according to Miller (1990), they are as follows:Optimistic and humanistic perspectiveMotivation is considered to be a condition, not a traitApproaching change where ambivalence is constant, it is a normal, acceptable, and understandable aspect.Motivation is an interpersonal phenomenonPrimarily, clients do not seek therapy because they are motivated. It is the sole responsibility of the therapist to initiate change, and help his or her client to be motivated. It shouldn’t come within from the client, rather it is a process imposed by therapy and slowly accepting by the client.According to Miller (1990) there are 4 key principles of Motivational Interviewing, such as: Empathy should be expressed, develop discrepancy, roll with resistance, and support self – efficacy. This should be applied into 2 phases, while building motivation for change to the client and be able to strengthen his commitment to change. Aside from this, there are 3 critical components of motivation: readiness, willingness and ability.The client should be ready for change. It is a step by step process, slowly the person begins to adapt new things to his system that leads to changes, and he is ready for change. Thus, readiness is relatively linked to priorities; you prioritize things which are important for you to change. Willingness, one should be willing to commit himself to change, not influenced by any factor rather he is ope n freely to change. The ability of motivation is of great importance both for the client and the therapist. It should be coming mostly from the therapist, to initiate change and be motivated.Rational Emotive Behavior TherapyIt was developed by Dr. Albert Ellis; it is a cognitive-behavioral approach to treatment. Therapy was done by identifying some ideas that are problematic and erroneous that is linked with emotional and behavioral problems that are correlated with irrational thoughts, assumptions and beliefs, thus irrational thoughts are then replaced with more rational, reality-based perspectives. In a therapy session, therapist teaches his clients to stay away from negative thoughts, feelings and behaviors for a more positive outlook in life. In this way, the client can achieve self acceptance and life satisfaction because he was able to gain and maintain realistic perception in life. (Dryden, 1990)Certain beliefs or thoughts that are considered to be irrational are confronted a nd other options or alternative are made that make more sense especially when it is examined logically and factually. Rather than focusing on historical or abstract theories, the focal point of the therapy is on the present and at the same time using scientific thinking. People who come for REBT are taught and encouraged to accept personal responsibility for their own thoughts, feelings and behavior, and empowered to change beliefs and reactions that are maladaptive, distorted, interfere with their goals and functioning, and thwart their enjoyment of life. With practice, the new ideas become part of the person, integrated into their way of being. (Dryden, 1990)It is a system of psychotherapy that was designed to help people live longer, decrease their emotional disturbances and self defeating behaviors, and actualize themselves so that they live a more fulfilling, productive, and happier lives ( Ellis & Bernard, 1985)ABC Model of REBTIrrational beliefs are defined as rigid, inconsis tent, illogical and detrimental to the persons’ pursuit of basic goals and purposes. The ultimate goal of REBT is to replace these irrational thoughts with rational thoughts, because it will help the client to live longer and happier through therapeutic process. Development includes (1) setting up for themselves certain happiness – producing values, purposes, goals, or ideals (2) using efficient, flexible, scientific, logico – empirical easy to achieve such values and goals to avoid contradictory or self – defeating results (Ellis & Bernard, 1985)ABC Model ApproachThe initial component of the ABC Model is the â€Å"A† or activating event. A’s are considered to be events that we attend to and that trigger our beliefs or thoughts. However, this doesn’t cause any emotional reactions. It is our beliefs that cause our emotional reponse.activating events could be external or internal to the person, whether the person is directly or indirect ly exposed to such event. Events can also refer to the past, present or future events ( Dryden, 1999)B stands for Beliefs in the ABC Model. Beliefs are fully and explicitly evaluative and are at the core of a person’s emotions and significant behaviors (Dryden, 1999). People take the activating events in their lives and formulate beliefs that could essentially affect their reactions or consequences. These beliefs can be rational or irrational and are usually based on their preferences. Preferences refer to the basic needs, wants, wishes, and desires of the person. When beliefs become unrealistic, illogical and impossible it can considered dysfunctional.C variable refers to the consequences of our beliefs in the context of a particular situation. When the individual preferences are not met, the person experience healthy negative emotions (Dryden, 1999). Examples of this are remorse, sadness, and sorrow. These negative emotions are regarded as to be healthy because they force p eople to change. People doesn’t like the way they feel because of these negative emotions, and in turn they seek for changes in their belief system.There are also unhealthy negative emotions; anxiety, depression, guilt and hurt. These feelings can become severe that they damage normal functioning. Thus, a therapeutic intervention is needed. REBT was designed to help those individuals change the experienced unhealthy negative emotions as a result of the beliefs they hold.Both therapies are beneficial for the people who are on a substance abuse. One significant difference is that motivational interviewing takes more time and is more in depth because of the actual process the person undergoes. The client should be ready for change, and the therapist gradually imposing change to the person. On the other hand, REBT is more concise and focus; it is directly targeted on the individual’s main problem.References:Dryden, W. (Ed.). (1990). The Essential Albert Ellis: Seminal Writ ing on Psychotherapy. New York: Springer Publishing Company, Inc.Dryden, W. (1999) Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy: A Training Manual. New York: Springer Publishing Company, IncEllis, A., & Bernard, M.E. (Eds.). (1985) Clinical Applications of Rational – Emotive Therapy. New York: Plenum Press.Miller, W.R., & Rollnick, S. (1991, 2002) Motiovational Interviewing: Preparing People for Change ( New York, Guilford Press)Miller, W.R. (1999). Enhancing Motivation for Change in Substance Abuse Treatment TIP Series 35. Rockville, MD: U.S. DHSS Publication No. (SMA)02-3693. Motivational Interviewing It is one of the most carefully defined and rigorous treatment for substance abuse (Miller, 1991). It was developed my William Miller, Stephen Rollnick, and other colleagues over the past 2 decades. It uses a concise psychotherapeutic intervention for helping people change an addictive behavior such as a substance abuse. It is intended to assist and enhance a person’s intrinsic motivation to change addictive behavior in a highly empathetically supportive but strategically directed conversation about the person’s use of substance and related life events.Variety of techniques are used that will increase intrinsic motivation for change. Some useful techniques used are micro skills (open – ended questioning, affirmations, reflections, and Summary or OARS) and strategies (creating discrepancies between a person’s current behavior and his or her goals, his values, the way he perceived himself, establishing and exploring ambivalence and handling resistance skillf ully.(Miller, 1990)Initially, Miller and his colleagues developed Motivational Interviewing to treat people who have alcohol substance abuse; they used principles of motivational psychology and clinical research. If clients have options for alternative approaches they are seem to have an improved treatment and a better outcome. This kind of therapy helped people become realistic, have a set of clear goals which are achievable and possible that will help him or her change for the better.What is motivation? It is the probability that a person will be ready to change, namely, enter into, continue, and adhere to a specific change strategy. Each one of us can be motivated, and those who are lifeless are only considered unmotivated. But, not only motivation will work alone on this kind of therapy, confrontation is also needed, it is a part of all psychotherapies. The question is not solely based if people should be confronted or not, but how to confront effectively and efficiently that ev entually will lead to a successful therapy.Change could not be achieved right away. It takes a lot of time, hard work, and perseverance both for the therapist and the client. Change is hard, but it is essential. Uncertainty or ambivalence is accompanied by change. Every client undergoes this kind of stage where he feels uncertain. This is just a normal part or process of change. Successfully addressing ambivalence is considered to be a crucial skill for a Motivational Interviewing. (Miller, 1990)There are four basic assumptions of Motivational Interviewing according to Miller (1990), they are as follows:Optimistic and humanistic perspectiveMotivation is considered to be a condition, not a traitApproaching change where ambivalence is constant, it is a normal, acceptable, and understandable aspect.Motivation is an interpersonal phenomenonPrimarily, clients do not seek therapy because they are motivated. It is the sole responsibility of the therapist to initiate change, and help his or her client to be motivated. It shouldn’t come within from the client, rather it is a process imposed by therapy and slowly accepting by the client.According to Miller (1990) there are 4 key principles of Motivational Interviewing, such as: Empathy should be expressed, develop discrepancy, roll with resistance, and support self – efficacy. This should be applied into 2 phases, while building motivation for change to the client and be able to strengthen his commitment to change. Aside from this, there are 3 critical components of motivation: readiness, willingness and ability.The client should be ready for change. It is a step by step process, slowly the person begins to adapt new things to his system that leads to changes, and he is ready for change. Thus, readiness is relatively linked to priorities; you prioritize things which are important for you to change. Willingness, one should be willing to commit himself to change, not influenced by any factor rather he is ope n freely to change. The ability of motivation is of great importance both for the client and the therapist. It should be coming mostly from the therapist, to initiate change and be motivated.Rational Emotive Behavior TherapyIt was developed by Dr. Albert Ellis; it is a cognitive-behavioral approach to treatment. Therapy was done by identifying some ideas that are problematic and erroneous that is linked with emotional and behavioral problems that are correlated with irrational thoughts, assumptions and beliefs, thus irrational thoughts are then replaced with more rational, reality-based perspectives. In a therapy session, therapist teaches his clients to stay away from negative thoughts, feelings and behaviors for a more positive outlook in life. In this way, the client can achieve self acceptance and life satisfaction because he was able to gain and maintain realistic perception in life. (Dryden, 1990)Certain beliefs or thoughts that are considered to be irrational are confronted a nd other options or alternative are made that make more sense especially when it is examined logically and factually. Rather than focusing on historical or abstract theories, the focal point of the therapy is on the present and at the same time using scientific thinking. People who come for REBT are taught and encouraged to accept personal responsibility for their own thoughts, feelings and behavior, and empowered to change beliefs and reactions that are maladaptive, distorted, interfere with their goals and functioning, and thwart their enjoyment of life. With practice, the new ideas become part of the person, integrated into their way of being. (Dryden, 1990)It is a system of psychotherapy that was designed to help people live longer, decrease their emotional disturbances and self defeating behaviors, and actualize themselves so that they live a more fulfilling, productive, and happier lives ( Ellis & Bernard, 1985)ABC Model of REBTIrrational beliefs are defined as rigid, inconsis tent, illogical and detrimental to the persons’ pursuit of basic goals and purposes. The ultimate goal of REBT is to replace these irrational thoughts with rational thoughts, because it will help the client to live longer and happier through therapeutic process. Development includes (1) setting up for themselves certain happiness – producing values, purposes, goals, or ideals (2) using efficient, flexible, scientific, logico – empirical easy to achieve such values and goals to avoid contradictory or self – defeating results (Ellis & Bernard, 1985)ABC Model ApproachThe initial component of the ABC Model is the â€Å"A† or activating event. A’s are considered to be events that we attend to and that trigger our beliefs or thoughts. However, this doesn’t cause any emotional reactions. It is our beliefs that cause our emotional reponse.activating events could be external or internal to the person, whether the person is directly or indirect ly exposed to such event. Events can also refer to the past, present or future events ( Dryden, 1999)B stands for Beliefs in the ABC Model. Beliefs are fully and explicitly evaluative and are at the core of a person’s emotions and significant behaviors (Dryden, 1999). People take the activating events in their lives and formulate beliefs that could essentially affect their reactions or consequences. These beliefs can be rational or irrational and are usually based on their preferences. Preferences refer to the basic needs, wants, wishes, and desires of the person. When beliefs become unrealistic, illogical and impossible it can considered dysfunctional.C variable refers to the consequences of our beliefs in the context of a particular situation. When the individual preferences are not met, the person experience healthy negative emotions (Dryden, 1999). Examples of this are remorse, sadness, and sorrow. These negative emotions are regarded as to be healthy because they force p eople to change. People doesn’t like the way they feel because of these negative emotions, and in turn they seek for changes in their belief system.There are also unhealthy negative emotions; anxiety, depression, guilt and hurt. These feelings can become severe that they damage normal functioning. Thus, a therapeutic intervention is needed. REBT was designed to help those individuals change the experienced unhealthy negative emotions as a result of the beliefs they hold.Both therapies are beneficial for the people who are on a substance abuse. One significant difference is that motivational interviewing takes more time and is more in depth because of the actual process the person undergoes. The client should be ready for change, and the therapist gradually imposing change to the person. On the other hand, REBT is more concise and focus; it is directly targeted on the individual’s main problem.References:Dryden, W. (Ed.). (1990). The Essential Albert Ellis: Seminal Writ ing on Psychotherapy. New York: Springer Publishing Company, Inc.Dryden, W. (1999) Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy: A Training Manual. New York: Springer Publishing Company, IncEllis, A., & Bernard, M.E. (Eds.). (1985) Clinical Applications of Rational – Emotive Therapy. New York: Plenum Press.Miller, W.R., & Rollnick, S. (1991, 2002) Motiovational Interviewing: Preparing People for Change ( New York, Guilford Press)Miller, W.R. (1999). Enhancing Motivation for Change in Substance Abuse Treatment TIP Series 35. Rockville, MD: U.S. DHSS Publication No. (SMA)02-3693.